Right-Wing Terrorism and Extremism as a Growing Threat to European Security
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2024.14.89-105Keywords:
right-wing terrorism, extremism, threat of terrorism, European securityAbstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of the growing threats of legal terrorism and extremism in Europe, the problem of the penetration and spread of extremism in the institutions of European democracy, which endangers the stability of democratic development and the preservation of liberal values.
Researchers state that over the past twenty years, we have observed an increase in the right-wing terrorist and extremist threat in the countries of Western Europe, in particular, Italy, Germany and France - countries with a long history of terrorism and extremism. At the same time, it was the fascist regimes of Germany (German National Socialism) and Italy (Italian fascism) of the first half of the 20th century that became the historical predecessors of modern right-wing extremism. At the beginning of the 21st century, the success of right-wing radical parties in the elections in these countries created favorable conditions for the activation of far-right parties, which, according to experts and scientists, posed a threat to European democracy.
Downloads
References
Contemporary manifestations of violent right-wing extremism in the EU: An overview of P/CVE practices». 2021. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 15 р. URL: https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-04/ran_adhoc_cont_manif_ vrwe _eu_ overv_ pcve_pract_2021_en.pdf (аccessed 30 November 2023)
2. Associated Press. 21.04.2023. Canadian professor convicted in 1980 Paris synagogue bombing. URL: https://www.courthousenews.com/canadian-professor-convicted-in-1980-paris-synagogue-bombing/ (аccessed 30 November 2023)
3. CTED Trends Alert. April, 2020. «Member States Concerned by the Growing and Increasingly Transnational Threat of Extreme Right-wing Terrorism». URL: https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/sites/www.un.org.securitycouncil.ctc/files/files/documents/2021/Jan/cted_trends_alert_extreme_right-wing_terrorism.pdf (аccessed 30 November 2023)
4. CTED Trends Alert. April, 2020. «Member States Concerned by the Growing and Increasingly Transnational Threat of Extreme Right-wing Terrorism». URL: https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/sites/www.un.org.securitycouncil.ctc/files/files/documents/2021/Jan/cted_trends_alert_extreme_right-wing_terrorism.pdf (Аccessed 18 October 2023)
5. Germany: 1980 Oktoberfest bombing a 'far-right attack'. 07.08.2020. DW. URL: https://www.dw.com/en/germany-1980-oktoberfest-bombing-a-far-right-attack/a-54085190 (Аccessed 18 October 2023)
6. Institute for Economics & Peace. 2022. «Global Terrorism Index 2022. Measuring the Impact of Terrorism». URL: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/GTI-2022-web-09062022.pdf (Аccessed 18 October 2023)
7. Ravndal, Jacob Aasland, Tandberg, Charlotte, Jupskås, Anders Ravik and Thorstensen, Madeleine. 2022 RTV Trend Report. «Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 – 2021». University of Oslo, 2022. URL: https://www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/english/publications/c-rex-reports/2022/rtv_trend_report_2022.pdf (аccessed 01 December 2023)
8. Babii A. Yu. 2023. «Ekstremizm yak sotsialne yavyshche i pravova katehoriia». Chasopys Kyivskoho universytetu prava. № 3:296–302. URL: https://chasprava.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/download/517/492/ (data zvernennia 10 sichnia 2024)
9. Kantsir V. S. 2015. «Teroryzm yak metod politychnoi borotby (politychnyi teroryzm)». Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu «Lvivska politekhnika». Seriia: Yurydychni nauky: zbirnyk naukovykh prats. № 824:430–435. URL: https://science.lpnu.ua/sites/default/files/journal-paper/2017/may/2424/vnulpurn201582471.pdf (data zvernennia 10 sichnia 2024)
10. «Le Pen, yaka prohrala vybory u Frantsii, nazvala svii rezultat «blyskuchoiu peremohoiu»». 2022. Ukrinform. 24.04.2022. URL: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-world/3466451-le-pen-aka-prograla-vibori-u-francii-nazvala-svij-rezultat-bliskucou-peremogou.html (data zvernennia 10 travnia 2024)
11. Lipkan V. A. 2003. «Politychnyi ekstremizm v Nimechchyni». GOAL. URL: https://goal-int.org/politichnij-ekstremizm-v-nimechchini/ (data zvernennia 02 lystopada 2023)
12. Maiorov V. V. 2006. «Rozmezhuvannia terorystskoi ta ekstremistskoi diialnosti». GOAL. URL: https://goal-int.org/category/publikacii/statti/2006/
13. Mokliak V. V. 2016. «Suchasnyi teroryzm yak sotsialne yavyshche: sutnist ta formy proiavu». Problemy zakonnosti. Vyp. 135: 147–156. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Pz_2016_135_17 (data zvernennia 20 lystopada 2023)
14. Nazymko Ye. S., V.D. Hozhii, T.I. Titochka. 2022. «Mizhnarodno-pravove zabezpechennia protydii ekstremizmu ta deokupatsii okupovanykh terytorii». Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal. 2022. № 1:374–378. URL: http://www.lsej.org.ua/1_2022/95.pdf (data zvernennia 20 lystopada 2023)
15. Pryshchepa Ya. 2022. «Vybory v Italii: uriad ocholyt liderka pravykh syl Dzhordzha Meloni». Suspilne novyny. 27.09.2022. URL: https://suspilne.media/285400-v-italii-pocalis-dostrokovi-parlamentski-vibori-hto-moze-ocoliti-urad/ (data zvernennia 15 zhovtnia 2023)
16. Reva T. S. 2012. «Politychnyi ekstremizm u derzhavakh Zakhidnoi Yevropy (na prykladi Ispanii, Italii ta Nimechchyny)». Visnyk Kyivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka. Filosofiia. Politolohiia. Vyp. 110:38–41. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/VKNU_FP_2012_110_13 (data zvernennia 10 travnia 2023)
17. «U Frantsii ultrapravi lidyruiut u reitynhu na yevropeiskykh vyborakh. 2024. Ukrinform». 13.04.2024. URL: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-world/3852087-u-francii-ultrapravi-lidiruut-u-rejtingu-na-evropejskih-viborah.html (data zvernennia 10 travnia 2024)
18. Yarysh O. 2017. «AfD: khto taki nimetski pravopopulisty ta yak vony potrapyly do Bundestahu». Hromadske. 26.09.217. URL: https://hromadske.ua/posts/nimetski-pravopopulisty
19. Antwi-Boasiako, Kwame Badu, and Hill Grant, Caleb. 2020. «Terrorism and Right-Wing Extremism: History and Comparative Definitions». Political Preferences. Vol. 26:77–94. URL: https://www.academia.edu/52188896/Terrorism_and_Right_Wing_Extremism_History_and_Comparative_Definitions (аccessed 01 December 2023)
20. Byman, Daniel. 2022. « Right-wing extremists: the danger not of bombs but ballots». The Interpreter. 20.09.2022. URL: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/right-wing-extremists-danger-not-bombs-ballots (аccessed 01 December 2023)
21. Dafinger, Johannes, and Florin, Moritz. 2022. «A Transnational History of Right-Wing Terrorism. Political Violence and the Far Right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900». Routledge. URL: https://www.routledge.com/A-Transnational-History-of-Right-Wing-Terrorism-Political-Violence-and/Dafinger-Florin/p/book/9780367613365 (аccessed 01 December 2023)
22. Koehler, Daniel. 2014. «German Right-Wing Terrorism in Historical Perspective. A First Quantitative Overview of the ‘Database on Terrorism in Germany (Right-Wing Extremism)’–DTGrwx’Project». Perspectives on terrorism. Vol. 8. № 5: 48–58. URL: https://pt.icct.nl/sites/default/files/import/pdf/german-right-wing-terrorism-in-historical-perspectivedaniel-koehler.pdf (аccessed 15 December 2023)
23. Koehler, Daniel. 2016. «Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in Europe. Current Developments and Issues for the Future». Prisma. Vol. 6. № 2:84–105. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26470450 (аccessed 07 November 2023)
24. Koehler, Daniel. 2019. «Violence and Terrorism from the FarRight: Policy Options to Counter an Elusive Threat». The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. 20 р. DOI: 10.19165/2019.2.02
25. Ravndal, Jacob Aasland. 2015. «Thugs or Terrorists? A Typology of Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe». Journal for Deradicalization. № 3: 1–38. URL: https://ffi-publikasjoner.archive.knowledgearc.net/bitstream/handle/20.500.12242/42/1303436.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y (аccessed 07 November 2023)
26. Ravndal, Jaсob Aasland. 2017. «Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis». Reprosentralen, University of Oslo. 188 р. URL: https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/60365/PhD-Ravndal-2017.pdf (аccessed 17 November 2023)
27. van Dongen, Teun. 2020. «Normalisation, Party Politics and Vigilantism: Why the Next Terrorist Wave will not be Right-Wing Extremist». The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT) Evolutions in Counter-Terrorism, Vol. 2 (November 2020): 101-120. DOI: 10.19165/2020.5.25 (аccessed 27 November 2023).