Mapping the Terrain of Digital Warfare: A Bibliometric Analysis of Russian Propaganda During Armed Conflicts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2025.16.108-128Keywords:
Digital propaganda, social media, Russian-Ukraine conflict, war, bibliometric analysisAbstract
In an increasingly interconnected world communication, the rise of social media has transformed the landscape of information dissemination and public discourse. Against the backdrop of heightened geopolitical tensions, especially during conflicts such as the Russia-Ukraine war, the internet has emerged as a powerful tool for both propaganda and counter-propaganda, influencing perceptions and behaviors on a global scale. This study undertakes a bibliometric analysis of the academic literature addressing Russian digital propaganda in times of war. The primary goals are twofold: first, to identify significant themes central to contemporary scholarly discussions and the interconnections among these themes; second, to ascertain which academic sources have garnered the highest citation counts and highlight the most recent scholarly contributions within this field. A total of 707 scientific publications were analyzed, sourced from the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). Employing bibliometric techniques, including citation analysis and thematic mapping, we delineate the landscape of research related to Russian digital propaganda during wartime. The findings reveal a multifaceted discourse, encompassing issues of misinformation, psychological effects, and national identity narratives. Additionally, the analysis identifies key scholarly sources that have shaped this dialogue and highlights emerging trends poised to guide future research. Overall, this study aims to enhance understanding of the intricate dynamics at play in Russian digital propaganda, thereby contributing valuable insights to scholars and practitioners alike. By systematically exploring this vital area of research, we hope to inform future inquiries and foster a more nuanced comprehension of the implications of digital propaganda in modern conflict scenarios.
Downloads
References
1. Astuti, Yanti Dwi, Rahmah Attaymini, and Maya Sandra Rosita Dewi. "Digital media and war: Social media as a propaganda tool for the Russia-Ukraine conflict in the post-truth era." (2022): 19-27. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-87-94
2. Adekoya, O. B., Oliyide, J. A., Yaya, O. S., and Al-Faryan, M. A. S. "Does Oil Connect Differently with Prominent Assets During War? Analysis of Intra-Day Data During the Russia-Ukraine Saga." Resources Policy 77 (2022): 102728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102728
3. Bennett, W. Lance, and Alexandra Segerberg. "The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics." Information, communication & society 15, no. 5 (2012): 739-768. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661
4. Bimber, Bruce, and Homero Gil de Zúñiga. "The unedited public sphere." New media & society 22, no. 4 (2020): 700-715. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893980
5. Bînă, M. V., and Dragomir, C. "Informative Combat of the Russian Hybrid War." Journal of Defense Resources Management 11, no. 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2020-0002
6. Bjola, Corneliu. "The ethics of countering digital propaganda." Ethics & international affairs 32, no. 3 (2018): 305-315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679418000436
7. Bjola, Corneliu, and James Pamment. "Digital containment: Revisiting containment strategy in the digital age." Global Affairs 2, no. 2 (2016): 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2016.1182244
8. Christopher, M., and Martz, et al. "Russian War Crimes Against Ukraine: The Breach of International Humanitarian Law By The Russian Federation". Global Accountability Network 1, (May 11, 2022). Available at SSRN: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4106901
9. Chudzicka-Czupała, A., Hapon, N., Chiang, S. K., et al. "Depression, Anxiety and Post-Traumatic Stress During the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian War: A Comparison Between Populations in Poland, Ukraine, and Taiwan". Scientific Reports 13 (2023): 3602. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28729-3
10. Damiano, R. F., Borges, S. A. M., Jarreta, R. L., Pereira, R. A. R., and Lucchetti, G. "It Is Time to Think About Refugees’ Mental Health: The Case of Dzaleka Refugee Camp-Malawi." Psychiatry Research 317 (2022): 114783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114783
11. Diebold, F. X., and Yilmaz, K. "Measuring Financial Asset Return and Volatility Spillovers, with Application to Global Equity Markets." The Economic Journal 119, no. 534 (2009): 158-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02208.
12. Engle, R. "Dynamic Conditional Correlation: A Simple Class of Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Models." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 20, no. 3 (2002): 339-350. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500102288618487
13. Engle, R. F. "Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation." Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society (1982): 987-1007. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912773
14. Diamantis, Mihailis, Sean Sullivan, and Eli Alshanetsky. "Deep Fake Out." Available at SSRN 5128653 (2025). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5128653
15. Fang, Y., and Shao, Z. "The Russia-Ukraine Conflict and Volatility Risk of Commodity Markets." Finance Research Letters 50 (2022): 103264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103264
16. Geissler, Dominique, Dominik Bär, Nicolas Pröllochs, and Stefan Feuerriegel. "Russian propaganda on social media during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine." EPJ Data Science 12, no. 1 (2023): 35. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00414-5
17. Ghiles, F. "War in Ukraine and the Gas Crisis Force a Rethink of EU Foreign Policy." Notes Internacionals CIDOB (2022): 268, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.24241/notesint.2022/268/en.
18. Hoskins, Andrew, and Pavel Shchelin. "The war feed: Digital war in plain sight." American Behavioral Scientist 67, no. 3 (2023): 449-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221144848
19. Jensen, Benjamin, Brandon Valeriano, and Ryan Maness. "Fancy bears and digital trolls: Cyber strategy with a Russian twist." In Military Strategy in the 21st Century, pp. 58-80. Routledge, 2020.
20. Kroner, K. F., and Ng, V. K. "Modeling Asymmetric Comovements of Asset Returns." The Review of Financial Studies 11, no. 4 (1998): 817-844. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/11.4.817
21. Kulyk, V. "Identity in Transformation: Russian-Speakers in Post-Soviet Ukraine." Europe-Asia Studies 71, no. 1 (2017): 156–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2017.1379054
22. Kuzio, T. "Russian Nationalism and Ukraine." In Russian Nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War, 99–128. Routledge, 2021. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003191438
23. Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ullrich KH Ecker, and John Cook. "Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era." Journal of applied research in memory and cognition 6, no. 4 (2017): 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008
24. Manolea, A. "The Transpersonal War – Constituent of the Hybrid War." Land Forces Academy Review 26, no. 4 (2021): 372-376. https://doi.org/10.2478/raft-2021-0048
25. Marigliano, R., Ng, L. H. X., & Carley, K. M. (2024). Analyzing Digital Propaganda and Conflict rhetoric: A study on Russia’s bot-driven Campaigns and counter-narratives during the Ukraine Crisis. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 14(1), 170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-024-01322-w
26. Murthy, R. S., and Lakshminarayana, R. "Mental Health Consequences of War: A Brief Review of Research Findings." World Psychiatry 5, no. 1 (2006): 25-30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16757987/
27. Oates, S. (2016). Russian media in the digital age: Propaganda rewired. Russian Politics, 1(4), 398-417. https://doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00104004
28. Parshyn, I., and Mereniuk, K. "The Muslims in Medieval Lviv: Linguistic, Historical Contexts." Journal of Narrative and Language Studies 10, no. 19 (2022): 138–149. https://nalans.com/index.php/nalans/article/view/498
29. Pereira, P., Bašić, F., Bogunović, I., and Barcelo, D. "Russian-Ukrainian War Impacts the Total Environment." Science of The Total Environment 837 (2022): 155865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155865
30. Rawtani, D., Gupta, G., Khatri, N., Rao, P. K., and Hussain, C. M. "Environmental Damages Due to War in Ukraine: A Perspective." Science of The Total Environment 850 (2022): 157932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157932
31. Surzykiewicz, J., Skalski, S. B., Niesiobędzka, M., Gladysh, O., and Konaszewski, K. "Brief Screening Measures of Mental Health for War-Related Dysfunctional Anxiety and Negative Persistent Thinking." Personality and Individual Differences 195 (2022): 111697. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.paid.2022.111697
32. Szostek, J. "Nothing is True? The Credibility of News and Conflicting Narratives During 'Information War' in Ukraine." The International Journal of Press/Politics 23, no. 1 (2018): 116-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217743258.
33. Torrence, C., and Compo, G. P. "A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79, no. 1 (1998): 61-78. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2.
34. Tucker, Joshua A., Andrew Guess, Pablo Barberá, Cristian Vaccari, Alexandra Siegel, Sergey Sanovich, Denis Stukal, and Brendan Nyhan. "Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A review of the scientific literature." Political polarization, and political disinformation: a review of the scientific literature (March 19, 2018) (2018). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3144139
35. Wang, Y., Bouri, E., Fareed, Z., and Dai, Y. "Geopolitical Risk and the Systemic Risk in the Commodity Markets Under the War in Ukraine." Finance Research Letters 49 (2022): 103066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103066
36. Xu, W., Pavlova, I., Chen, X., Petrytsa, P., Graf-Vlachy, L., and Zhang, S. X. "Mental Health Symptoms and Coping Strategies Among Ukrainians During the Russia-Ukraine War in March 2022." The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 69, no. 4 (2023): 957–966. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764022114391
37. Yablokov, I. "Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool: The Case of Russia Today (RT)." Politics 35, no. 3-4 (2015): 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12097
38. Yousaf, I., Patel, R., and Yarovaya, L. "The Reaction of G20+ Stock Markets to the Russia–Ukraine Conflict 'Black-Swan' Event: Evidence from Event Study Approach." Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance 35 (2022): 100723. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4069555