Procedure for withdrawing published articles

The journal reserves the right to retract published articles in cases where:

• serious errors or inaccuracies are identified that undermine the reliability of the findings;
• plagiarism or duplicate publication is established;
• fabrication or falsification of research data is detected;
• the study was conducted without proper ethical approval;
• the authors have undisclosed conflicts of interest that significantly affect the interpretation of the results.

The retraction procedure is carried out in accordance with the COPE guidelines and includes:

1. Receipt and review of a complaint or notice regarding a published article.
2. Notification of the corresponding author and, where applicable, their institution.
3. Investigation of the case and assessment of the grounds for retraction.
4. A retraction notice is published if the grounds are confirmed, clearly indicating the reason for retraction.
5. The original article remains accessible but is marked as retracted.