THE ROLE OF THE ENZYME CELLULASE AS AN ECOLOGICAL AGENT IN THE DEGRADATION OF CELLULOSE IN NATURE AND INDUSTRY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2026.01.058Keywords:
enzyme cellulase, cellulose degradation, ecological agent, industry, green technologiesAbstract
Cellulase comprises a sophisticated synergistic complex of enzymes, primarily comprising three types: endo-glucanases, exo-glucanases and β-glucosidase. The interaction of these biocatalysts ensures the effective breakdown of the resilient structure of the natural polysaccharide cellulose into simple mono- and disaccharides, such as glucose and cellobiose. In nature this enzyme is synthesized by a diverse array of organisms - either independently or through symbiotic relationships – with species from the kingdom Fungi and Bacteria acting as primary degraders of plant biomass. This process of degradation of cellulose is fundamental to the global Carbon cycle, thereby sustaining life on our planet.
In industrial contexts, this enzyme is produced through solid-state or submerged fermentation. The efficiency of enzyme yield controlled by combination of factors: chemical (media composition, including Carbon and Nitrogen sources), physical (temperature, aeration and agitation), biological factors (microbial strain selection, mutagenesis and synergistic interaction). Utilizing agricultural waste as a substrate is a key strategy to enhance the economic viability of production.
Due to its versatility, cellulase finds widespread application across multiple economic sectors. This enzyme is critical in the food and beverage industry (winemaking, baking, juice clarification), pulp and paper manufacturing, textile production, detergent formulation, pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, the enzyme plays important role in production of alternative biofuels, and in enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from plant material.
The aim of this study is to search and systematize the information on the role of the enzyme cellulase in enzymatic hydrolysis, emphasizing it as a sustainable approach as a prоcess refined by evolution in nature and successfully adapted for industrial «green» technologies.
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