LONG-TERM EFFECT OF N-(PHOSPHONOMETHYL)GLYCINE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RHODOTORULA SPP.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2025.01.052Keywords:
N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, Rhodotorula spp., fungitoxicity, dose dependenceAbstract
The control of invasive plant species in agroecosystems is mostly associated with the use of synthetic herbicides due to their high effectiveness. One of the most commonly used is glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. It is a non-selective systemic herbicide with a broad spectrum of activity used to combat annual and perennial plants. This compound acts by inhibiting the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, which plays a key role in the shikimate pathway and is responsible for the synthesis of an intermediate product in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine demonstrates an ambiguous effect on soil microbial communities. Some concentrations of the herbicide can stimulate microbial activity, increasing the diversity and complexity of the network. In other cases, the herbicide has a negative effect on the survival and structure of soil microorganisms. The effect of the herbicide on microscopic fungi remains little known, in particular on representatives of the genus Rhodotorula, which are characterized by a wide distribution in various ecological niches, high metabolic activity (synthesis of pigments, enzymes, exopolysaccharides, ergosterol), the ability to exist in microbial consortia, and adsorption capacity.
The study investigated the effect of the herbicide N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine on the physiological and biochemical parameters of two yeast species: R. rubra and R. minuta. During the study, changes in growth characteristics under prolonged herbicide exposure, carotenoid content, and the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were determined.
It was found that N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine at the highest of the tested concentrations had a dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect on the development of carotenoid-producing yeasts, inducing oxidative stress, which was accompanied by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and changes in the level of major carotenoids. At the same time, a decrease in the culture density of both studied species and a reduction in the number of planktonic colony-forming units were observed. R. minuta exhibited greater sensitivity to the pollutant, as confirmed by more drastic changes in the studied parameters – a significant reduction in the number of viable cells, a multiple increase in the level of end products of lipid peroxidation, and a decrease in carotenoid levels.
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