PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2022.02.106Ключові слова:
antimicrobial activity, test cultures of microorganisms, hydroxycinnamic compounds, flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, Chlorella vulgarisАнотація
Among the primary and secondary metabolites of microalgae, there are compounds that are potential antimicrobial substances: polyphenols, carotenoids, saponins, tannins, etc. It is interesting that these BARs can be both localized in algomass and accumulate in the culture liquid during the cultivation of algae.
In the study, an algologically pure culture of Ch. vulgaris, maintained in the NN collection of the Institute of Biology, Chemistry and Bioresources of the ChN University. Algae were grown on the classic Tamiya medium at a temperature of 24 ± 2 °C for 14 days. Hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds were detected in the culture fluid and alcoholic extract of biomass. The alcoholic extract of Chlorella vulgaris, in contrast to the culture liquid, had a higher amount of polyphenols, hydroxycinnamic acids, azulenes and different classes of flavonoids. Spectral analysis of alcohol extracts from algal biomass and culture liquid confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids and coumarins.
The following microorganism test cultures were used: Bacillus subtilis and Sarcina flava (Gr+), Microcystis pul-verea (Gr-), Rhodotorula rubra (eukaryote). One-day test cultures of microorganisms were standardized according to McFarland to 0.5. The study of antimicrobial activity was carried out by the method of diffusion in agar: 100 μl of the test culture of microorganisms was sown with a lawn on a solid medium of MPA, 25 μl of culture liquid Chh was introduced into the wells. vulgaris. On the third day, the result of cultivation was evaluated.
It was noted that the sensitivity of the test cultures to the culture liquid and biomass extract of Ch. vulgaris depends on the structure of the cell wall of microorganisms. Yes, gram-positive microorganisms and yeast are more sensitive. For them, the diameter of growth retardation zones is determined in the range from 20 to 25 mm. The most sensitive were Sarcina flava and Rhodotorula rubra.
At the same time, gram-negative microorganisms were not sensitive to the culture liquid and biomass extract of Ch. vulgaris, the diameter of the zone of growth retardation did not exceed 5 mm. The revealed antimicrobial activity of green algae Ch. vulgaris is associated with the presence of polyphenolic compounds in the biomass. Therefore, culture fluid and biomass of Ch. vulgaris can be recommended for use in feed as a natural antifungal and antibacterial component.
Посилання
Adhoni S.A., Thimmappa S.C., Kaliwal B.B. Phytochemi-cal analysis and antimicrobial activity of Chorella vul-garis isolated from Unkal Lake. J. Coast. Life Med. 2016; 4(5): 368–373. doi: 10.12980/JCLM.4.2016J5-137.
Alshuniaber M. A., Krishnamoorthy R., AlQhtani W. H. Antimicrobial activity of polyphenolic compounds from Spirulina against food-borne bacterial pathogens. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020; 200-206.
Andrade LM, Andrade CJ, Dias M, et al. Chlorella and spirulina microalgae as sources of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and food supplements; an overview. MOJ Food Process Technol. 2018;6(1):45‒58. doi: 10.15406/mojfpt.2018.06.00144
Andriopoulos V., Gkioni M.D., Koutra E., Mastropetros S.G., Lamari F.N., Hatziantoniou S., Kornaros M. Total Phenolic Content, Biomass Composition, and Antioxi-dant Activity of Selected Marine Microalgal Species with Potential as Aquaculture Feed. Antioxidants. 2022; 11: 1320-1341.
Arguelles E. Proximate analysis, antibacterial activity, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of a green microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turpin) Brébisson. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnolo-gy and Environmental Sciences. 2018; 20: 150-158.
Balouiri M., Sadiki M., Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J Pharm Anal. 2016; 6(2): 71-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005.
Besednova N. N., Andryukov B. G., Zaporozhets T. S., et al. Algae Polyphenolic Compounds and Modern Antibac-terial Strategies: Current Achievements and Immediate Prospects. Biomedicines. 2020; 8(9): 342-361.
Bulut O., Akın D., Sönmez Ç., Öktem A., et al. Phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and antioxidant capacities of a thermo-tolerant Scenedesmus sp. (Chlorophyta) extract-ed with different solvents. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2019; 33: 2703-2712.
Cichoński J.; Chrzanowski G. Microalgae as a Source of Valuable Phenolic Compounds and Carote-noids. Molecules. 2022; 27: 8852-8873.
Fernando I. P. S., Kim M., Son K.-T., et al. Antioxidant Activity of Marine Algal Polyphenolic Compounds: A Mechanistic Approach. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2016; 19(7): 615–628.
Frazzini S., Scaglia E., Dell’Anno M., et al. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Algal and Cyanobacterial Extracts: An In Vitro Study. Antioxidants. 2022; 11: 992-1012.
Freile-Pelegrin Y., Robledo D. Bioactive phenolic com-pounds from algae. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Foods: Plant and Animal Sources. 2014; 113-129.
Goiris K., Muylaert K., Fraeye I., et al. Antioxidant poten-tial of microalgae in relation to their phenolic and carote-noid content. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2012; 24(6): 1477–1486.
Goiris K., Muylaert K., Voorspoels S., et al. Detection of flavonoids in microalgae from different evolutionary lineages. Journal of Phycology. 2014; 50(3): 483–492.
Haoujar I., Cacciola F., Abrini J., et al. The Contribution of Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds, and Flavonoids to the Antioxidative Properties of Marine Microalgae Isolat-ed from Mediterranean Morocco. Molecules. 2019; 24(22): 4037-4054.
Ibañez E., Cifuentes A. Benefits of using algae as natural sources of functional ingredients. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2013; 93(4): 703–709.
Pina-Pérez M. C., Rivas A., Martínez A., Rodrigo D. An-timicrobial potential of macro and microalgae against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in food. Food Chemistry. 2017; 235: 34–44.
Shaima AF., Mohd Yasin NH., Ibrahim N., et al. Unveil-ing antimicrobial activity of microalgae Chlorella soro-kiniana (UKM2), Chlorella sp. (UKM8) and Scenedesmus sp. (UKM9). Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022; 29(2): 1043-1052. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.069.
Zakaria SM, Kamal SMM, Harun MR, et al. Subcritical water technology for extraction of phenolic compounds from Chlorella sp. microalgae and assessment on its antioxidant activity. Molecules. 2017; 22(7): 1105(1-14).
Zakaria S. M., Mustapa Kamal S. M., Harun M. R., et al. Extraction of phenolic compounds from Chlorella sp. microalgae using pressurized hot water: kinetics study. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2020; 11: 207-216.
Zielinski D., Fraczyk J., Debowski M., et al. Biological Activity of Hydrophilic Extract of Chlorella vulgar-is Grown on Post-Fermentation Leachate from a Biogas Plant Supplied with Stillage and Maize Silage. Molecules. 2020; 25 (8): 1790. doi:0.3390/molecules25081790.
