Germanic Philology. Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University
The journal publishes essays on contemporary themes in cognitive and communicative linguistics, text linguistics, discourse studies, semantics, translation studies, and approaches for teaching foreign languages.
Чернівецький національний університет імені Юрія Федьковича
EXAMINATION OF TELICITY IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND TRANSLATION
This paper examines the phenomenon of telicity, or goal-orientedness of events, in language acquisition and translation, focusing on the cross-linguistic differences between Ukrainian and English. The study explores how these distinctions influence first (L1) and second (L2) language acquisition and affect translation accuracy and processing. The research highlights two primary methods of telicity marking: English employs a compositional system dependent on direct object properties, whereas Ukrainian, like other Slavic languages, uses morphological markers such as perfective prefixes. Findings from first language acquisition studies suggest that predicate-based telicity systems, as found in Ukrainian, facilitate earlier and more accurate acquisition due to their explicit morphological encoding. Conversely, languages that mark telicity compositionally, such as English, require learners to integrate multiple linguistic components, resulting in a more protracted acquisition process. Second language acquisition research reveals that L2 learners of English from languages without a determiner system often struggle with compositional telicity but show improvement with proficiency. Similarly, English-speaking Ukrainian learners initially rely on their L1 mechanisms but eventually acquire predicate telicity marking as their proficiency increases. These findings hold significant implications for translation studies. The inherent structural differences in telicity marking between English and Ukrainian can lead to translation challenges, particularly regarding aspectual nuances. Professional translators must be aware of these linguistic contrasts to ensure accurate cross-linguistic interpretation of event structures. Ultimately, this study underscores the role of telicity in shaping cognitive and linguistic processes, highlighting its relevance for both theoretical linguistics and applied translation studies.
THE IMPACT OF GENERATIVE AI ON SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
This paper explores the integration of generative AI tools, particularly ChatGPT, into second language training programs. With rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, these tools offer innovative opportunities for enhancing language learning by providing draft translations, clarifying vocabulary and grammar, and delivering real-time feedback on language production. The study examines the potential of AI-assisted language training to improve learning efficiency, linguistic accuracy, and cultural adaptability in both academic and professional settings. Through a comprehensive review of current literature and practical exercises in simulated language learning scenarios, the research highlights the benefits and challenges of using AI as a collaborative partner rather than a substitute for human instructors. Key issues such as ethical considerations, data confidentiality, and the necessity for post-editing AI-generated outputs are discussed in detail. The findings indicate that while ChatGPT and similar models can significantly streamline the language learning process, the role of the human teacher remains crucial in ensuring that nuance and context are preserved. This balanced approach merges traditional teaching methodologies with innovative digital tools, ultimately enriching the learning experience and better preparing students for the evolving demands of second language proficiency.
COGNITIVE AND CULTURAL PARADIGMS AS A CONTEXT FOR THE UKRAINIAN-ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF POETRY (BASED ON THE TRANSLATIONS OF POETRY OF THE UKRAINIAN DIASPORA IN CANADA BY WATSON KIRKCNONELL)
The article dwells on Watson Kirkconnell's translation procedures used in the translation of poetry by representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada from Ukrainian into English from the perspective of cognitive translation studies and with an eye to the cultural paradigm of the original works. The aim of the study is to reveal the process of reformulating the original text based on the translator's conceptual understanding as a way to create an artistic unit equivalent (in the recipient's understanding) to the original. The relevance of the work is determined by the need to identify the key features of the reproduction of cognitive and cultural paradigms in poetic translation from Ukrainian into English. Additionally, the problem is derived from a contemporary pursuit for covering the representation of the poetic works of the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada, relevant due to the lack of current research. The authors' research shows that the renewed interest in diasporic literature in translation is currently insufficient, and this is particularly true for highly specialized studies that would focus on specific aspects of the literary translation process from the perspective of cognitive translation studies. In order to achieve the declared goal, the authors resort to empirical research methods, in particular content analysis, conceptual analysis and translation transformation analysis. The purpose of using translation analysis is to identify and outline the procedures used by Watson Kirkconnell. Applying the method of conceptual analysis, based on the systematization of the conceptual sphere of connotatively colored units and their correlation with the correlates proposed by the translator, the authors determine how the translation procedures used by Watson Kirkonel contributed or did not contribute to the transmission of the original conceptual space and the national flavor encoded in it, inherent in the representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada. According to the results of the study, the authors conclude that the procedures applied by Watson Kirkonell are mostly effective in creating an equivalent communicative, figurative and artistic and aesthetic unit, which, however, does not negate the identified shortcomings in the interpretation of the attributes of the original works colored by the national and cultural flavor.
READING STRATEGIES FOR TAKING UNIFIED STATE QUALIFICATION EXAM KROK 1
The article highlights reading competency for taking qualification exam Krok 1. The research aimed to analyze the key types and strategies of reading that students of higher medical education may apply when processing professionally oriented English texts in preparing for the Unified State Qualification Exam. The paper provides practical advice and recommendations on effectively using foreign-language communicative skills to perform typical exam tasks necessary to understand medical texts. The object of the study is reading comprehension skills regarding Krok 1. The next methods were used in order to achieve the goal: general scientific, in particular theoretical and empirical (analysis of scientific articles and methodological materials on preparation for Krok1 qualification exam), descriptive (study of strategies for processing medical English-language texts within the exam), and pedagogical (analysis of the practical use of reading strategies by students in preparation) methods. The feasibility of including English for Professional Purposes in the Unified State Qualification Exam is pointed out. The structure of the English subtest is described. The paper specifies the main characteristics of the text and its importance for non-linguistic higher educational institutions. The three main stages of reading (pre-reading, while-reading, post-reading) are outlined, and their role in the process of understanding information is determined. Particular attention is paid to the types of reading (browsing, focused reading, fact-finding) and relevant strategies, such as previewing, skimming, scanning, and guessing from context which contribute to developing medical students’ foreign language communicative competence and improves their preparation for the exam.
SEMANTICS OF THE DWELLING OF THE ANCIENT GERMANS (BASED ON FAIRY TALES BY THE BROTHERS GRIMM)
The article is devoted to outlining the semantics of the dwelling of the ancient Germans in the folklore literature of the fairy tale genre, the evolution of which is determined by extralinguistic and linguistic factors. The choice of the research topic is motivated by the anthropocentric approach to the consideration of problems of modern linguistics, the peripherality of the German language as an object of research and the fragmentation of special studies, respectively. The corpus of the analyzed phenomenon, which was compiled by the method of continuous selection from the first volume of the seventh edition of the collection of the Brothers Grimm "Kinder- und Hausmärchen" (1857), consists of 382 linguistic units. The definition of the concept of "housing" appeals to authentic reference literature on the historical axis (H. Paul, R. Schützeichel). It has been established that the dwelling of the ancient Germans varies: from natural (a tree hollow, forest, cave, grotto, etc.) to artificial (a house, hut, palace, tower, etc.). The semantics of dwelling in the folk tales collected and literary processed by the Brothers Grimm is diverse: positive, neutral, negative, indefinite. Reliable data on the above semantics were obtained through an integrated comprehensive methodology, which contains a number of methods and techniques, including general scientific (observation, analysis, synthesis, generalization), paradigmatic (descriptive, structural, functional) and special (contextual-interpretative, semantic and comparative analyses). As a result of the conducted scientific work, the ternary structure of the concept of “housing” of the ancient Germans was highlighted, its types, types, and functions were qualified, single and multiple housing of the so-called “economy, comfort, business, and premium class” were distinguished from the standpoint of psychology and religion, and the idea of the relationship between the type of housing and culture, the type of housing and the spiritual development of a person, the functions of housing and the emotions of an individual were confirmed.
PECULIARITIES OF LEXICO-SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS APPLICATION IN THE “BREAD” BY WOLFGANG BORCHERT'S TRANSLATION
The present article is devoted to the study lexical and semantic transformations usage applied in the process of art work translation, which is characterized by conciseness, depth of content and expressive emotionality and is a special difficulty for translation. The article deals directly with the concept of translation transformation, the interpretation of which has been proposed by various scientists; approaches to their classification are analyzed; the use of lexical and semantic transformations in the process of translating V. Borchert's German short story "Bread" performed by Volodymyr Vasyliuk into Ukrainian is highlighted. Solving the set tasks was carried out using such research methods as theoretical and comparative analysis, generalization of scientific and educational and methodological literature on the problems of translation studies, and the continuous sampling method for collecting linguistic facts. Based on the fact that in the general context translation transformations are an integral part of the translation process which allows for adequate rendering the content and work style while preserving its emotional and cultural saturation, in the process of the analysis of the selected story it was established that various lexical-semantic translation transformations were applied in the translation process, namely, synonymous substitution, contextual substitution, calque, compression, decompression, permutation, transposition, concretization and generalization of meaning. Therefore, it was decided to clarify the essence of each one separately. In addition, the author exemplified such cases when in one sentence it is possible to observe the application of several lexical-semantic translation transformations at the same time. Summarizing the results of the research, we can conclude that translation is a difficult process that is not limited to the mechanical transfer of content from one language to another, but is a creative process in which the translator becomes a co-creator of the text. Lexical and semantic transformations play a major role in preserving the communicative function of the text, allowing to avoid a literal translation, which can cause a violation of the translation integrity or non-authenticity. Therefore, the success of the translation directly depends on the skillful application of lexical-semantic translation transformations, which allow you to preserve the meaning and adapt it to the peculiarities of the translated language, preserve stylistic features and convey the content more accurately.
IMPLEMENTING “UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR LEARNING” IN TRANSLATION CLASSES
The article is dedicated to the study of the implementation of the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) concept in the process of teaching translation for undergraduate students. The relevance of applying UDL in the context of war, digitalization, and globalization is justified, and the advantages of an inclusive and flexible learning environment are revealed. The research methods are described, including the analysis and synthesis of scientific sources, taxonomy, induction, deduction, and descriptive methods. The three main guiding principles of UDL are thoroughly analyzed: engagement, representation, action, and expression. Special attention is given to the history of the methodology, its neuro-scientific foundations, and structural organization. The practical part provides specific examples of integrating UDL principles into translation lessons, focusing on enhancing motivation, developing independence, creativity, and student collaboration. The types of activities where students could demonstrate active engagement and a high level of motivation in translation classes have been outlined. This includes: sight translation; interpreting speeches from the Speech Repository (which activates kinesthetic and auditory learning styles); liaison translation of dialogues; and conducting written translation following the strategic approach of the '5-step translation process'. The findings indicate that students’ motivation increases when they are provided with choices within the learning process, a structured approach to written translation, and opportunities for reflective engagement. The article proves the effectiveness of UDL as a tool for creating an accessible and successful educational process.
NON-FINITE CLAUSES FUNCTIONALITY IN MODERN ENGLISH
Today's man is not only a consumer but also a producer of both material and non-material products, the latter including knowledge and information in general. The pace of modern life is reflected in everything, including the speed of receiving and providing information. Therefore, the study of ergonomic language tools is highly relevant. This article examines the functions of non-finite sentences, which serve as an extremely economical and expressive means of verbalizing thought in modern English. We assume that this characteristic explains the relatively high frequency of non-finite sentences in newspaper publications. The study is based on a corpus of 780 non-finite sentences, selected with the help of the consecutive selection method. The English online newspapers The Evening Standard and The Guardian were used as sources. The novelty of this research lies in its attempt to describe non-finite sentences containing a non-finite verb form that is not part of a predicative construction. The study's findings indicate that infinitive clauses, -ing clauses with participles and gerunds, and -ed clauses can function as subjects, extraposed subjects, direct objects, subject predicatives, adverbial modifiers, and various types of complements, depending on the elements they modify. Additionally, they can serve as postmodifiers and supplementary clauses. We assume that the predominance of active infinitive and -ing clauses suggests a preference for an active stance by the authors in conveying their messages to the reader. This, in turn, reflects the mentality of native English speakers, which places an emphasis on personal responsibility.
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC ORGANISATION OF GERMAN ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING TERMINOLOGY
The article is devoted to streamlining the German accounting and auditing terminology, its classification and unification, which will allow predicting its further development and open up the prospect of studying other terminology systems. The object of the study is the German accounting and auditing terminology. The subject of the study is the thematic organisation of the German accounting and auditing terminology, its hyper- and hyponymic relations. The research material was 6000 accounting and auditing terms, which were extracted from special scientific and technical literature - textbooks, manuals, periodicals, as well as lexicographical works: translation, explanatory and terminological dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign language words, encyclopaedic editions. The purpose of the study is to determine the lexical and semantic specificity of the analysed terminology and to describe the thematic groups of accounting and auditing terms in the German language, Based on semantic characteristics, we divide all the studied German accounting and auditing terms into 10 thematic groups: 1) Names of operations, actions and processes 2) Names of properties, qualities, features and states 3) Names of indicators, values and units of measurement: 4) Names of documents, forms of payment: 5) Names of securities: 6) Names of institutions, establishments and their structural subdivisions: 7) Names of individuals: 8) Names of money, banknotes: 9) Names of economic laws: 10) Names of economic theories, algorithms, models The systematic nature of the concepts of accounting and audit can be traced in hyper- and hyponymic relations, which group the term units into two structural types: ‘tree-like’, where each subsequent component sequentially “branches” its connections according to a certain common seme, and “herringbone”.
DIE VERKÖRPERUNG DER IDENTITÄT VON ROSE AUSLÄNDER IN DEN POETISCHEN NATURBILDERN
The publication is devoted to the poetics of the works of Rose Ausländer, a German-language poet from Bukovina. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the specific features of the construction of Ausländer’s poetic identity through the imagery of animate and inanimate nature, both in the context of the evolution of her poetic oeuvre and on the micro-level of individual texts. One of the main objectives is to determine the distinctive characteristics of different creative periods and to highlight the central aspects of the analyzed poems. The research employs biographical, comparative-historical, and hermeneutic methods, as well as elements of intertextual theory and the literary technique of close reading. The article examines the images of animate and inanimate nature, through which the poet reinterprets and shapes her lyrical self in the search for personal identity. Particular attention is paid to the language of birds, which, according to the poet, articulate poetry and become metaphorical counterparts to the poet. The lyrical “I” is closely identified with both the figure of the poet and the bird. Floral motifs, especially the image of the rose, play a crucial role in the construction of poetic identity. The symbolism of the rose in Ausländer’s poetry is rich in meaning and acquires new connotations depending on the context. This metaphor, like several others, formed the foundation of her early work and remained central throughout her creative development. Thus, the analysis of natural imagery in Rose Ausländer’s poetry confirms that it constitutes an essential component in the formation of her poetic identity.
STRUCTURАL CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN GERMAN TOPONYMS
The article is devoted to establishing the structural characteristics of toponyms based on the material of modern German, selected from the latest lexicographical and cultural studies sources. The object of the study is toponyms functioning in contemporary German-speaking countries, while the subject is their word-formation features. Through structural analysis of German toponyms, several groups were identified and analyzed: simple, non-suffixal and suffixal derivatives, shifts, compound, and multi-lexeme toponyms. These groups reflect the diversity of structural forms used in naming geographical objects. Among the most typical bases, elements such as -heim, -hausen (-haus), -leben, -hof, -hofen, -statt, -stedt, -stätten, -dorf, -wiek, -weiler (-weil), -richt, -graben, -bach, and -apa stand out. Their frequency of use indicates a systematic approach to the formation of the German toponymic system. The emergence of a large number of toponyms in the German language is associated with significant changes in the cultural, social, and historical life of the German ethnos. These changes were reflected in the development of new territories, the creation of new settlements, and the naming of large and small geographical objects. Migration processes driven by political and economic factors played an essential role in preserving naming traditions in new territories, sometimes even with the complete transfer of old toponyms. The expansion of Germans' geographical and linguistic worldview enriched the onomastic system with new word-formation models, demonstrating the dynamic development of German toponymy and its importance in cultural and linguistic spaces.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL COMPETENCE IN AUDIOVISUAL TEACHING OF GERMAN AS A SECOND FOREIGN LANGUAGE
У рамках соціокультурного підходу аудіовізуальну рецепцію розглядають як провідну ментальну діяльність по декодуванню національної, регіональної та надрегіональної соціокультурної фонової інформації. У статті обґрунтовується необхідність виокремлення аудіовізуальної рецепції як одного з різновидів рецептивних видів мовленнєвої діяльності у зв’язку зі збільшенням ролі аудіовізуальної рецепції в процесі задоволення інформаційних потреб індивіда в сучасному медійному просторі. Найбільш ефективним і привабливим матеріалами для вивчення іноземної мови вважаються автентичні відеоматеріали, які дозволяють наочно представити зразки мовленнєвої і немовленнєвої поведінки носіїв мови в різних щоденних ситуаціях спілкування. Розроблений комплекс лінгвокраїнознавчих завдань з німецької мови сприяє розвитку не тільки іншомовної комунікативної навички студентів, а й соціокультурної, які необхідні для успішного здійснення професійної діяльності в умовах міжкультурного спілкування. Результати експериментального навчання підтвердили гіпотезу про те, що ефективність розвитку навичок аудіовізуальної рецепції збільшується, якщо за методичну домінанту при розробці комплексу завдань до відеоматеріалів виступають проблемні завдання, розроблені на принципах соціокультурного підходу до навчання німецької мови. Запропонований підхід можна використати при розробці комплексів завдань на матеріалі інших іноземних мов, для студентів, які володіють іноземною мовою як на рівні А2, так й на рівнях В2-С1. Подібні комплекси завдань можуть розроблятися з урахуванням специфіки професійної підготовки фахівців різних напрямів: інженерів, економістів, юристів тощо.
PROJEKTORIENTIERTE LEHRERAUSBILDUNG MIT DLL: ERFAHRUNGEN UND REFLEXIONEN
The focus of this article is on understanding the concept of project-based teacher education within the innovative Deutsch Lehren Lernen (DLL) program launched by the Goethe-Institut. The program is distinguished by the fact that it organically combines practice-oriented professional development with modern, scientifically based didactic approaches. The research basis for this paper was based on my own professional observations, informal conversations with fellow teachers, as well as open questions regarding the format, content, and feasibility of practical intelligence projects (PIPs), which are an integral component of the DLL program. The article discusses those aspects of the PIP that, in the authors' opinion, require professional discussion, modernization, or improvement. At the same time, alternative ways of developing professional skills in the field of teaching German as a foreign language are proposed, taking into account the individual context of each teacher. Particular attention is paid to the hypothesis of the potential of the CPD as a source of a large corpus of big-data that can be used to create curricula and tools, in particular, based on artificial intelligence. A comprehensive analysis of the benefits and challenges associated with the project component of the DLL program makes it possible to outline potential areas for its further development and increase the effectiveness of professional internships for teachers.
THE APPLICATION OF TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH SONGS IN MUSICALS (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE AMERICAN FILM MUSICAL “WICKED”)
The article examines the definition, classification and essence of translation transformations (lexical-semantic, grammatical, stylistic) and their role in the transmission of the original language text into the target language. In particular, examples of their application in the translation of English-language songs from film musicals (based on the material of the American musical “Wicked”, which concentrates most of the key plot information in the songs) are considered in detail, taking into account the influence of the audiovisual format on the work of the translator, the limitations and requirements facing the specialist and the importance of translation transformations for the adequacy of the translation, the transmission of the plot content of the song, and the preservation of the rhythm of the original source. The problem of working with film translation is raised: the difficulties that are most often encountered in the work, the aspects that distinguish this type of work from others and the nuances that the specialist should focus on first of all in order to achieve the best result. The study focuses on the analysis of the use of translation transformations by translators as a means of adapting songs in compliance with all the requirements imposed by this type of translation activity. Attention is paid to the issue of choosing a method of transmitting the content of the original language in the target language. Various research methodologies were applied: a comparative analysis of the original texts with the translated ones was conducted from the point of view of the use of translation transformations, examples of the transformations used were analyzed. Due to the statistical data collected from the comparison of the original and the translation, the percentage of the frequency of use of different types of transformations was calculated, the most and least used among each category (lexico-semantic, grammatical, stylistic) were determined, and the main translation transformations that are used most often were identified.
THE PECULIARITIES OF LEXICAL-SEMANTIC FIELD “NEUROSCIENCE” BASED ON SCIENTIFIC-POPULAR LITERATURE
The article deals with the peculiarities of the lexico-semantic field ‘neuroscience’ on the basis of the popular science books “Livewired” and ‘Incognito’ by D. Eagleman. The concepts of ‘lexico-semantic group’, ‘thematic group’ and ‘lexico-semantic field’ are distinguished. The study of the concept of lexico-semantic field dates back to the last century with the works of German scholars G. Ipsen, J. Trier, and W. Porzig. A lexical-semantic field (LSF) includes components that are semantically united. A thematic group is a narrower concept and is part of a lexical-semantic field. A lexico-semantic group can be a part of both a thematic group and a lexico-semantic field; the components in such a group are united by a common category or structure. LSPs based on medical vocabulary have been studied before, but such studies have not focused on neurology or neuroscience. Therefore, the lexical units of the lexical-semantic field were selected from the research material by the method of general sampling and divided into 7 lexical-semantic groups: ‘disorders of the nervous system’, ‘specialists in the field of neuroscience’, ‘procedures and operations’, ‘chemicals of the nervous system’, ‘components of the nervous system’, ‘scientific disciplines related to neuroscience’ and ‘processes of the nervous system’. The fullness of these groups was determined and compared, the largest of which was ‘components of the nervous system’, and the smallest - ‘neuroscience specialists’ and ‘procedures and operations’. The number of different lexical units (LUs) in these groups was determined and compared. The most widely represented group turned out to be “components of the nervous system,” while the least represented was “scientific disciplines related to neuroscience.” The frequency of use of lexical units within the studied lexical-semantic field was also calculated, and it was found that the ratio of usage frequency in the identified lexical-semantic groups corresponds to the number of different LUs in them.
DER EINSATZ DER LESESTRAATEGIEN IM DaF-UNTERRICHT
This paper explores the fundamental role of reading as a key skill in the teaching of German as a foreign language (DaF). Reading is not viewed merely as a receptive activity, but rather as a complex, active, and interactive process that operates on multiple levels – from visual and phonological recognition to syntactic and semantic understanding, and ultimately to critical reflection on texts. The paper offers both a theoretical foundation and practical insights into the development of effective, differentiated, and motivating reading instruction in the DaF context. A central focus is placed on Laveau’s (1985) functional classification of reading exercises, which distinguishes between receptive, reproductive, and productive types. This categorization allows for the targeted selection and design of reading tasks based on learning objectives, language proficiency levels, and instructional stages. The paper demonstrates how receptive tasks help verify comprehension, reproductive tasks support cognitive transfer, and productive exercises foster active language use and expression. Additionally, the article presents a range of reading strategies (e.g., elaborative, organizing, and repetitive) along with associated reading techniques that learners can apply before, during, and after reading to enhance comprehension and retention. Special emphasis is also placed on support strategies – metacognitive, affective, and volitional – which enable learners to assess their understanding, regulate their motivation, and engage with texts more purposefully. The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation is discussed in relation to its impact on reading behavior, attention, and overall learning outcomes. Intrinsically motivated learners read out of personal interest, whereas extrinsically motivated learners may read due to external expectations or requirements.
THE POWER OF LEXICON IN SHAPING MILITARY NARRATIVE
The article dwells on the role of military lexicon as a significant component in the development of character portraying, and the overall aesthetic and semantic structure of military-themed fiction. The material for analysis is based on Heart of War, a novel by contemporary American writer and military journalist Luciano Truscott, which reflects the peculiarities of military-legal discourse in literary form. The study examines how various types of military vocabulary – terminology, abbreviations, jargon, and euphemisms – perform not only nominative but also stylistic, psychological, pragmatic, and sociocultural functions. Special attention is paid to the integration of these lexical elements into the narrative structure, their influence on the pace and logic of plot development, and their role in shaping the linguistic portraits of the characters. The analysis demonstrates that military terminology in the novel is not merely a background element or a tool for creating a realistic setting – It becomes a full-fledged artistic instrument through which the author constructs the atmosphere, sets the rhythm of narration, defines the characters’ value systems, and highlights the conflict between the institutional logic of military and the individual’s moral stance. The use of military slang and abbreviations enhances the authenticity of dialogues, reveals the characters’ affiliation with military subculture, as well as their emotional states, experience, and professional roles. Euphemisms, on the other hand, emphasize the detachment of military bureaucracy from the real consequences of warfare, underscore the psychological transformation of speech in wartime conditions, and serve as a means of implicit criticism of the system. The methodological framework of the research is grounded in the principles of linguistic-stylistic and discourse analysis, which allow for the identification of both structural and functional characteristics of military vocabulary within the literary text. Elements of pragmatic linguistics are also applied, offering a deeper understanding of how the military lexicon shapes the reader’s perception of the novel’s moral and ideological content. The article argues that military vocabulary in fiction serves not only as a mirror of reality but also as a powerful ideological tool, shaping a critical perspective on military events, bureaucratic mechanisms, and ethical dilemmas. Through linguistic means, the author creates a complex, multilayered structure of communication, where words function as markers of professional identity, inner conflict, personal transformation, and worldview evolution. Thus, military vocabulary in Heart of War emerges as a powerful device for artistic modeling of conflict that intertwines the institutional, personal, and social dimensions of war.
РОЗВИТОК ТА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ КОМП’ЮТЕРНИХ НЕОЛОГІЗМІВ СУЧАСНОЇ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ
In the article the theoretical views of the leading linguists about the questions of the development and functioning of computer neologisms in modern English were analyzed. The basic definitions of the term “neologism” were outlined. The lexico-semantic groups of neologisms were highlighted. The mechanism of the neologisms appearance and functioning in the computer sphere and the world of IT was researched. The interaction of computer neologisms with the common used lexics was determined. With the development of the technical progress and the advent of the Internet a huge number of new language units, namely neologisms appeared in English, especially in the sphere of IT. It was also defined that the problem of the emergence, formation and functioning of neologisms in the computer sphere remains ambiguous and demands being further researched. It was assumed that the computer neologism is a word or a phrase that appeared in the vocabulary to denote a new concept in the computer industry and it is percepted and understood by the speakers. The process of neologism formation and functioning point the dynamism of the vocabulary and permeability of the boundaries between commonly used words and terminology was analyzed.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ГРАМАТИЧНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНЦІЇ У МАЙБУТНІХ ПЕРЕКЛАДАЧІВ
The article deals with problems of the formation of grammatical competence as an important component of foreign language communicative competence of future translators. This competence is implemented primarily through the development of skills and abilities in the major types of speech activity, covering reception, production, interaction and mediation. Grammatical competence of translator is defined as the knowledge and ability to use the grammatical resources of language. A comparison of the benefits of mastering grammar in communicative contexts and formal teaching of grammar is made. The levels of formation of grammatical correctness in accordance with the European requirements for language education are submitted. The need to study grammar in practical use is emphasized. The formation of grammatical competence grammar is viewed not withdrawn from the context, and integrated in the communicative situation or communicative context. That can promote successful communication. The features of the work of future translators over grammatical errors are described. Means of forming grammatical competence of future translators are provided. Grammatical competence may be formed by the conscious assimilation of regulations or in combination with semantic and situational characteristics of communicative interaction. It is advisable to form grammatical competence based on text grammar.
СТИЛІСТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ СИНТАКСИСУ РОМАНУ ІЄНА МАК’ЮЕНА «СПОКУТА»
Syntax is one of the elements of the formal expression of the author's individual style. Different types of syntactic stylistic devices are the part of the whole syntactic organization of the work of art characteristic of a certain author. A comprehensive analysis of the syntactic level of an author’s individual style involves the studying of the stylistic devices. The article is an attempt to analyze syntactic stylistic means in the contemporary postmodern English-language discourse based on the novel by English writer Ian McEwan. Different types of syntactic figures and peculiarities of their use by the author are described as one of the components of his individual style. There are several classifications of syntactic stylistic devices. They are classified by two basic principles: according to the completeness of the sentence structure and according to the order of the sentence components. The first group includes stylistic devices, which are based on the reduction of the sentence model: ellipsis, one-member sentence, aposiopesis, asyndeton, the other group of stylistic devices is based on the extension of the structure: enumeration, polysyndeton, prolepsis, repetition. The second group also includes parallel constructions and stylistic changes in the order of words: inversion, division, insertion words. Thus, the richness and variety of syntactic stylistic devices in Ian McEwen's novels affirms the depth of the writer's style. The use of complex syntactic figures of different stylistic types allows the author to characterize the realities and interconnections of the modern world, their expressiveness and dynamism. We see further research prospects in studying the lexical features of the novels, in particular lexical stylistic figures.
ВІДБІР НАВЧАЛЬНОГО ТЕКСТОВОГО МАТЕРІАЛУ ДЛЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ У МАЙБУТНІХ ФАРМАЦЕВТІВ АНГЛОМОВНОЇ ЛЕКСИЧНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ В ЧИТАННІ ТА ГОВОРІННІ У ПРОЦЕСІ САМОСТІЙНОЇ РОБОТИ
The professional textual potential in terms of the content-language integrated learning approach as a component of the conceptual technology of lexical competence integral forming is considered; the criteria of textual material selection taking into consideration the correct organizing students-pharmacists’ individual reading have been substantiated; the units of educational material - professionally oriented texts (a didactic article from the textbook and medical instruction on applying medicines, patient information leaflet) have been outlined. Based on the certain scientific sources analyzing it is offered the technique of criteria selection for texts which are defined as following: authenticity (conditional authenticity), topicality, informational content, frequency of using selected lexical units, availability and feasibility, the scope of the text. The procedure of educational material selection focuses on the factor, that all the texts should be integral, coherent, completed in content and meaning, accessible in the linguistic aspect, informationally saturated, be interesting in content and motivate students to read and study the language, be different in terms of functional conditionality, depending on the students’ learning level and their ability to read and interpret. The carried out experiment among 57 students-pharmacists of the Bukovinian State Medical University in order to check the methodology efficiency of the prospective pharmacists’ English lexical competence developing in reading and speaking through self-directed learning has been described. Taking into consideration the substantiated criteria 49 professional texts and 750 terms have been determined.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТРУКТУРИ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ ПЕРЕКЛАДОЗНАВЧИХ ТЕРМІНІВ
This article deals with structural peculiarities of the terms belonging to the field of translation studies. Word-formation and structural organization of a certain vocabulary provides deeper insight to the nomination processes. This allows not only more qualitative understanding of the named phenomena themselves, but also provides some field for further studies on translatability of these terms. Translation was always an essential part of cross-cultural communication and knowledge dissemination. However, it experienced (and is still experiencing) a major boost with the development of science and technologies. Therefore, translation acquired not only new techniques and equipment for more efficiency, but also new terms to operate its notions. Taking into consideration that translation terms have not been studied enough, it stipulates the topicality of the research. In particular, this article deals with the word structure of such terms. According to the conducted analysis, the terms were divided into words and word-combinations. Terms-words are such terms that include only one component of either part of the speech (noun, verb and adjective mainly). Terms-word-combinations were grouped by their structural models that were determined according to what part of the speech the included components belong to. Based on the obtained quantitative results, a conclusion what made as to productivity of a certain model.
МІСЦЕ ЕТНІЧНИХ СТЕРЕОТИПІВ У ЛІНГВОКУЛЬТУРНІЙ КАРТИНІ СВІТУ
The basis of the formation of ethnic consciousness are both innate and acquired in the process of socialization subconsciously conceived ideas, knowledge about objects, behaviors, life situations of a particular ethnic group - ethno-cultural stereotypes that are acquired through language, personify the results of cognition of reality human consciousness cultural traditions and habits that characterize the mono-ethnic environment. Emphasis is placed on the importance of ethnic stereotypes in the reproduction of characteristics characteristic of each ethnic group; on their stability and continuity; on their great power; extreme persistence of ethnic stereotyped images that are easily transmitted to all members of the ethnic group; emotional and evaluative, which allows us to consider the latter not only as a generalized, ethno-specific, regularly reproduced cognitive-discursive fixation of the results of profiling the world by ethnic consciousness, but also as a fragment of the linguistic picture of the world, as a way of fixing the features of linguistic ethno-consciousness. The formation of ethno-cultural stereotypes is produced by a number of factors: cultural and religious traditions, customs, certain historical events, norms of behavior, etc., which allows for the different nature of their origin. Some ethnic stereotypes are born naturally in the process of interaction of a certain part of society with another group, and accumulate the experience of interaction of individual representatives of society and transmit it through the language of society in general; others are artificially created. Because ethnic stereotypes are inextricably linked to the linguistic and cultural environment, they can be defined as a fragment of the linguistic and cultural picture of the world, a linguistic and cultural phenomenon, natural and inevitable as long as peoples and ethnic groups exist.
АНГЛОМОВНИЙ СИНТАКСИС ХУДОЖНЬОГО ПРОЗОВОГО ТЕКСТУ СЬОГОДЕННЯ
This article manifests a direction of modern anthropocentric linguistic to a study of modern text formation displayed by an author of postmodern. Besides, a study of text structure including an author conception of the world enriches investigation experience of modern Germanic philology with new knowledge about emotive and its representation in the modern Anglophone literature. The received results deepen a notion about a syntactic textual architectonics as a multiaspectual linguistic notion and make its contribution into a development of a general theory of a text. To receive the scientifically veracious theoretical and practical results in the research, a list of adequate linguistic methods were implemented (semantic and structural, contextual, functional and interpretating and a quantitative analysis), the significant number of material was also studied (6918 pages of 19 works of fiction of the beginning of XXI century that belong to Anglophone authors of postmodern that are in the list of winners of the post prestigious in the Anglophone world prize „The Women’s Prize for Fiction”). According to the results of the research, the overwhelming majority of syntactic structures that express parataxis and hypotaxis in postmodern fiction explicate a tendency of a modern author of prevalence usage of paratactic structures. The quantative dominating types of parataxis state a dynamic development of modern system of the English language and also explicate independence and disregard of set forms of text formation.
СЕМАНТИЧНА СТРУКТУРА БАГАТОЗНАЧНОГО СЛОВА В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ТА ІТАЛІЙСЬКІЙ МОВАХ
The article presents the aspects of semantic structure formation of the ambiguous words in Ukrainian and Italian languages. The meaning of the term "semantic structure of the word" is revealed. Much attention has focused on the types of polysemy and the interplay of meanings in the structure of the ambiguous word. The development of verbal meaning occurs in the course of repeated actualization of the word, which is in the process of communication. The nature of the interplay between the direct and the derivative meaning of the ambiguous word is also analyzed in the article. The secondary meaning may be the development basis for new meanings of the word, it may be lost, become adjacent to the primary, or supplant it altogether. For the investigation of the development of the word new meanings by semantic derivation the analysis of the lexemes "beetle" and "pervak" related to the thematic group "insect" and their Italian analogs "vespa" and "larva" is examined. It has been shown that words in a language can gradually lose their meanings or acquire new ones. The emergence of new meanings of multivalued words is caused by the infinity of subjects and phenomena to be nominated, as well as the limited vocabulary of the language. However, once a word is used in the communication process, it loses its polysemantic properties due to its actualization in the context of only one meaning and the rejection of others.
ФОНОСЕМАНТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПУБЛІЦИСТИЧНИХ ТЕКСТІВ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ПРОМОВ НІМЕЦЬКОМОВНИХ ПОЛІТИКІВ)
Almost all the branches of science discover sounds. However, the most active branch of the study is phonosemantics. Phonosemantics examines three types of phonetic units: phonemes, phonetic features, and phoneme combinations. The research is based on the analysis of phonemic combinations – the study of initial consonant combinations in German with a single method taking into account all the basic parameters of phonosemantics. The language sounds are connected to the non-sound imagery. The consciousness of speakers reflects the objectively existing patterns in a sound system of the language. Not only the reflections but also the facts of the speakers’ consciousness are significant for the research. The paper is dedicated to the research of the German phonemic word combinations (e.g. phonesthemes [bl-], [br-], [dr-], [fl-], [fr-], [gl-], [gn-]…, the total number is 29 units), and the material of the research is speeches of German politicians (Angela Merkel and Joachim Gauck) and Austrian politicians (Alexander Van der Bellen and Heinz Fischer). For the research, a sample of 30 speeches of each politician, which embraced different topics, was conducted. The total number of the word usage was determined in every speech. The speeches bring up such subjects, which make an average citizen anxious, as “war”, “economics”, “culture” and “politics”. Then, speeches according to their subject, idea, and influence on a listener were grouped in relation to their emotional and connotative perception on the scale of "evaluation". In the study, it was discovered which exactly the phonetic vocabulary is considered to be either positive or negative, and how it affects the perception of speech in general. It was also determined, which phonesthemes are more commonly used in publicistic texts.
ПОНЯТТЯ “ГІСТЬ” ТА “ГОСТИННІСТЬ”: ІСТОРИКО-ЛІНГВІСТИЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ ВИВЧЕННЯ
he author attempts to trace the evolution of the notion ‘hospitality’ and analyze the stages of development of the term ‘guest’ in the Ukrainian language culture on the basis of scholarly and popular scientific publications. The hospitality industry as the most important social, economic and cultural category, and as a fundamental component of the tourism industry, plays a significant role in intercultural communication and presents domestic tourism product on the world market. Hospitality is inherent to tourism. It’s a secret element of customer service in tourism and hospitality industry where comfort and needs of a guest are put above everything. But has it always been so? This issue demanded urgent attention from various perspectives, including historical and linguistic ones. In order to achieve this goal, the author analyzes scholarly and popular scientific publications, as well as reference and lexicographic sources of tourism industry, which made it possible to establish that the phenomenon of hospitality has been known since ancient times and its evolution took place in the course of civilizational development. Such prototerms as ‘guest’ and ‘hospitality’ have come a long way undergoing significant qualitative changes, and have turned into the most important components of the sociocultural lexicon of modern society. Moreover, they have become a part of the basic lexicon of tourism sub-language, have been recorded in special dictionaries and have gained accurate meaning and clear definition. The author states that the modern meaning of the terms ‘guest’ and ‘hospitality’ is somewhat different from those in the historical lexicographic sources analyzed. Today, the guest may be the person invited on the tourist trip, and the term hospitality is interpreted as a harmonious combination of the production of tourism services, the comfort of the recreation environment and the friendly behavior of hospitality staff to meet the needs of guests while guaranteeing their safety, physical and psychological comfort.
СТИЛІСТИЧНІ ФУНКЦІЇ ЗВЕРТАНЬ У ТВОРАХ ЛЕСІ УКРАЇНКИ
The article explores stylistic functions of references as syntactically isolated components in Lesya Ukrainka's texts. It is determined that for the characterization of hits as structural-semantic components the most important is the classification by meanings. The semantics of appeals is a determining factor for the realization of a certain stylistic function. The connection of one or another function with the structural features of the hits is analyzed. Lesya Ukrainka equally uses common and non-common appeals, but the study of the structural features of appeals in Lesya Ukrainka's works shows that the use of common appeals greatly enhances their expressive function. The grammatical expression of the sentence has a significant influence on the semantics of the sentence. In the poetic speech of Lesya Ukrainka the appeal is expressed by the exclamation point, which is normative for the Ukrainian language. An important aspect in terms of stylistics is the position of the syntactic component in the sentence. The accents in the statement depend on the place of appeals. The functions of appeals in the composition of stylistic figures are investigated, in particular, it is determined that in the analyzed works the appeals often include anaphoras and epiphoras.Graphic marks in the sentences with appeals play an important stylistic function. The punctuation marks convey the emotionality, condition and mood of the speaker, as well as the intonation inherent in oral speech. Depending on the type of construction for the purpose of expressing the appeal performs a different stylistic function. In the interrogative and inciting sentences the direct purpose of the appeal is to draw the attention of the interlocutor for his further active action. In the narrative sentences, the references actually act as an element of activation of the listener, drawing his attention to the main message in the syntactic construction.
ЕПІСТЕМІЧНА МОДАЛЬНІСТЬ ДЛЯ ВИРАЖЕННЯ СУМНІВУ
The article explores epistemic words and phrases to express DOUBT in a fictional text. Epistemic words and phrases originate from epistemic modality or stance and epistemic logic. Epistemic logic deals with the world of knowledge that a person can possess to a varying degree. Epistemic modality is subjective and relates to lexical and grammatical expressions of judgments as to the propositional content of the sentence. Uncertainty is not equal to doubt, because uncertainty is a mental state in which there is no full assent, while doubt is a mental process of questioning the truth of the proposition. An attempt has been made to place epistemic words and phrases of doubt on the confidence scale. The units under study are taken from existing classifications of epistemic words proposed by Biber D. and Wierzbicka A. DOUBT is equated with uncertainty and opposed to certainty. Epistemic words and phrases of probability verbalize different levels of doubt. DOUBT has a negative import and indicates a lack of knowledge, and absence of determined position on the proposal. This negative import is partly realized in the negative sentences with epistemic adjectives and verbs of probability and certainty. DOUBT feature of questioning the veracity of the proposition is realized in general questions with epistemic adjectives and verbs of probability and in subordinate sentences with if and whether. DOUBT is described as a change of opinion about the veracity of a proposition, which can be traced linguistically during the repetition of epistemic adverbs. The article counts the frequency of occurrences of epistemic words in a fiction text.
СТИЛІСТИКА КОЛЬОРОНАЗВИ «ЖОВТИЙ» ТА ЇЇ ВІДТІНКІВ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ОПОВІДАНЬ НАДІЙКИ ГЕРБІШ)
The article deals with stylistic analysis of coloristic vocabulary indicating the color yellow and its shades in short stories by Nadiika Herbish. It has been determined that color tokens in the texts of her collections "Warm Stories for Coffee" and "Warm Stories for Chocolate" have vivid features, the study of which will contribute to a deeper understanding of function of colornames in creation of artistic text, as well as their role in formation of the individual style of Nadiika Herbish. The author presents three thematic groups of yellow in her stories: 1) household items; 2) light sources; 3) natural phenomena. It has been determined that the colorname "yellow" and its equivalents, in particular "golden" are used in the positive meaning "sunlit, solar". Semantic structure of the colorname "golden" ("золотий") is enriched by using suffixes that mark a trait as incomplete: "-ав-", -ист-" (золотавий, золотистий), particles like gilded (позолочений), nouns like gold (золото). Epithets like "vanilla lanterns" and "sand cookie-colored houses" indicate that yellow contributes to creation of not only visual, but taste images as well. It has been proven that yellow has a considerable number of shades with names that have a transparent semantic-morphological structure. Warm shades of yellow that are named after objects and phenomena of objective reality, indicate their color quality indirectly and by gradation: hot yellow "жовтогарячий" – orange "помаранчевий", ginger "рудий", tangerine "мандариновий", ripe persimmon "спілої хурми". The origin and semantics of these colors is analyzed. It is proven that in works by Nadiika Herbish the colorname "orange" is the most actively used. Three thematic groups of the adjective "orange" are identified: 1) color of fruits; 2) interior of a room; 3) colors of nature (autumn). Nadiika Herbish creatively and boldly uses lexical and stylistic capabilities of coloratives in autumn landscape essays. In her story “A Colorful Tale of Autumn” the author uses the method of gradation, or escalation of shades. The stylistic effect is based on the dominant hot yellow and consecutive accumulation of synonyms, gradation and adjective form usage.