Scientific Herald of Chernivtsy University. Biology (Biological Systems)
The results of research on actual problems of biological science, in particular biochemistry, biotechnology, molecular biology and genetics, microbiology, ecology, botany and zoology, soil science, biota conservation, protection and reproduction of biological resources, are published in the journal "Scientific herald of Chernivtsi University. Biology (Biological Systems)". Published according to the decision of the Academic Council of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University. Editor-in-Chief - Mykhailo Marchenko - Dr.Sc.(Biology), Professor, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Ukraine The scientific journal is included in the list of scientific specialized editions of Ukraine (category B) in the specialties 091 - Biology, 101 - Ecology, 161 - Biotechnology, in which the results of dissertational works can be published (orders MES No. 409 of 17.03.2020 and No. 1188 of 24.09.2020).
Чернівецький національний університет імені Юрія Федьковича
REACTION OF DESMODESMUS ARMATUS TO THE PRESENCE OF IMAZAMOX – AN IMIDAZOLINONE DERIVATIVE
The study investigated the effect of the herbicide imazamox, which belongs to the class of ALS inhibitors, on the green microalga Desmodesmus armatus. A clear concentration-dependent effect was established: at low concentrations (0.01–0.1 mg/L), partial restoration of cell growth was observed, which may indicate the activation of compensatory mechanisms. In contrast, high doses (2.5–10 mg/L) led to rapid and sustained inhibition of cellular activity. The results indicate a high sensitivity of D. armatus to imidazolinones and support the suitability of this species as a model organism for assessing the toxicity of herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase.
CHANGES IN VEGETATION COVERAGE AS AN INDICATOR OF SOIL CONDITION IN THE CARPATHIAN REGION AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES
The monitoring of land resources is a critical component of sustainable development, particularly in regions with mixed agro-forestry landscapes that are sensitive to both climatic shifts and anthropogenic pressures. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of long-term vegetation dynamics within the Chernivtsi Raion. The primary objective was to assess spatio-temporal trends in vegetation productivity by utilizing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a key indicator of vegetation health and soil condition. A core component of the methodology was a comparative analysis of results derived from two distinct satellite data sources - the moderate-resolution MODIS sensor and the high-resolution Landsat archive - to understand how sensor characteristics influence the interpretation of land degradation and improvement processes. The analysis was conducted using two independent, long-term satellite data archives. The first dataset comprised 16-day NDVI composites from the MODIS product MOD13Q1 at a 250-meter spatial resolution, covering the period from 2002 to 2024. The second dataset consisted of a harmonized time-series of Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 images at a 30-meter resolution for the years 2000 to 2024. For each year, a single representative image for the growing season (April–October) was generated. For MODIS, the annual metric was the mean NDVI of all composites within the season. For the more variable Landsat data, the median NDVI was calculated to create a robust annual composite resistant to outliers such as undetected clouds or sensor artifacts. A non-parametric, per-pixel trend analysis was performed on both time-series using the Kendall's Rank Correlation test to determine the direction and statistical significance of NDVI changes. Based on the Kendall's Tau (τ) coefficient and p-value (α = 0.05), pixels were classified into three categories: "greening" (statistically significant positive trend), "browning" (statistically significant negative trend), and "stable". The comparative analysis revealed a significant and critical discrepancy between the trends identified by the two sensors. The MODIS data analysis indicated a predominant "browning" trend, with large, spatially contiguous areas of statistically significant NDVI decline observed throughout the study region. This suggested a widespread degradation of vegetation productivity. In stark contrast, the high-resolution Landsat analysis painted the opposite picture, showing a dominant "greening" trend. These positive changes were not uniformly distributed but were spatially concentrated in areas clearly corresponding to agricultural lands, forming a distinct mosaic of improvement. Despite this major conflict regarding the overall seasonal trend, both MODIS and Landsat data consistently showed a positive trend for the maximum July NDVI, indicating that peak summer vegetation productivity has been increasing across the region. It is concluded that the results derived from the Landsat archive are more representative of the actual on-the-ground biophysical changes. The discrepancy is primarily attributed to the difference in spatial resolution; the 30-meter Landsat data successfully captures field-level improvements in crop health or management intensity, whereas the coarse 250-meter MODIS pixels average these positive signals with non-vegetated or stable surfaces, masking the effect. Therefore, the primary conclusion of this study is that the Chernivtsi Raion has experienced a net "greening" over the past two decades, a process largely driven by the intensification of agricultural practices.
CALCARIC FLUVISOLS OF THE FIRST FLUVIAL TERRACE OF THE PRUT RIVER (ZHUCHKA FIELD STATION): MORPHOLOGY, PROPERTIES, AND TAXONOMY
This article presents a comprehensive investigation of the soil cover at the "Zhuchka" educational and research field station of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, strategically located on the first fluvial terrace of the Prut River. This study initiates a broader systematic survey of the site, serving as a multifunctional platform for training specialists in agrarian and natural sciences – a site previously underrepresented in open scientific discourse. A combination of cartographic, field, and laboratory methods was employed, utilizing national and international standardized techniques, to assess key diagnostic soil properties. The analysis revealed that the soil cover primarily consists of intrazonal Calcaric Fluvisols developed on ancient alluvial deposits. Based on detailed morphological and physico-chemical characterization, these soils were classified as belonging to the typical subtype, carbonate genus, and low-humus type (with organic matter content ranging from 1.00% to 2.50%). Predominant granulometric compositions observed include sandy loam, light loam, and medium loam. The observed heterogeneity in granulometric composition and vertical stratification within the profiles is attributed to the inherent variability of the alluvial parent material and the process of pedogenic carbonate accumulation, significantly influenced by the shallow groundwater table and capillary rise. The study enabled a refined classification and taxonomic identification of the soils at the "Zhuchka" field station and led to the development of an updated soil map, which serves as a foundation for future scientific and educational initiatives.
Calcaric Fluvisols first fluvial terrace
ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON SOIL COVER DEGRADATION IN THE KHOTYN UPLAND
This article thoroughly investigates the critical issue of soil cover degradation in the Khotyn Upland caused by intensive anthropogenic impact. The main aim of the study was to comprehensively identify and analyze the key anthropogenic factors affecting the region’s soil resources and to assess the extent of these changes. To achieve this objective, an integrated methodological approach was applied, including long-term cartographic analysis and the use of Earth remote sensing data, particularly satellite images from Landsat and Sentinel missions across different time periods, as well as land use change analysis. The research methodology involved a detailed analysis of topographic and thematic maps, enabling the tracking of land use and landscape structure evolution. A key stage included the processing and interpretation of satellite imagery from Landsat (5 TM, 7 ETM+, 8 OLI, 9 OLI-2) and Sentinel-2 MSI, along with the analysis of digital CORINE Land Cover (CLC) maps for the period from 1990 to 2023. All spatial information was integrated and processed in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment to assess land use change dynamics, monitor vegetation cover through the NDVI index, and analyze road infrastructure density and population density—factors that directly reflect anthropogenic activity. While natural processes also influence soils, the focus of the study was on modeling anthropogenic soil erosion using the RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) model adapted to local conditions. The results showed that the most intense soil degradation occurs in areas of active agricultural activity, primarily due to excessive land plowing, irrational use of agricultural land, and intense processes of anthropogenic erosion. A significant expansion of the areas affected by these processes was identified, confirmed by NDVI dynamics analysis and erosion hazard visualization. Modeling with RUSLE revealed a high level of soil loss caused by human activity, especially on steep slopes where intensive washout of the fertile topsoil is observed. The study concludes that there is an urgent need to implement integrated land resource management, including agroforestry and other agroecological measures aimed at reducing negative anthropogenic impact and restoring soil fertility. The study's findings are valuable for developing sustainable land use strategies and planning environmental protection measures in the Khotyn Upland.
PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION OF LORAWAN TECHNOLOGY IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE TASKS IN THE CARPATHIAN REGION
The present study reviews current trends and applications of LoRaWAN technology in precision agriculture. It provides examples from global practice and assesses the prospects for its adaptation to the conditions of Ukraine’s Precarpathian region. The research is based on a detailed analysis of a wide range of sources, including international scientific publications, practical case studies of LoRaWAN network deployments in the agricultural sector of various countries, and successful initiatives for digitalizing agriculture. Special attention is paid to the advantages of LoRaWAN over other technologies—particularly its long range, low energy consumption, ease of network deployment, and the ability to create private IoT infrastructures. The study offers a comparative analysis of LoRaWAN’s technical characteristics against other popular wireless solutions on the market, including NB-IoT, Sigfox, Wi-Fi, and LTE-M, taking into account factors such as communication range, energy efficiency, throughput, data reliability, and the economic feasibility of their use in rural areas, especially in mountainous and foothill regions. Particular focus is given to the agro-ecological and climatic conditions of the Precarpathian region—its topography and soil characteristics (high acidity, heterogeneity)—which determine the specifics of implementing precision agriculture there. It has been shown that the deployment of LoRaWAN networks is an optimal solution for effective soil-acidity monitoring, enabling timely and accurate responses to environmental changes, conserving resources, and increasing crop yields. A typical architecture of an IoT-based agricultural monitoring system is presented, comprising sensor devices (soil-moisture, pH, and temperature sensors), data-transmission gateways, and cloud platforms for data storage, processing, and user interaction to support agronomic data analysis and real-time farm management. The system’s design and operating principles are described in detail, supported by figures and comparative tables illustrating the benefits of LoRaWAN versus other similar technologies. Practical recommendations for deploying LoRaWAN networks in the Precarpathian region are provided. Based on the review and analysis, it is concluded that implementing LoRaWAN technology represents a promising, economically and technologically justified solution that can foster the sustainable development of the region’s agricultural sector, improve its environmental performance, and enhance the competitiveness of local producers on both Ukrainian and international markets.
SPECIFICITY OF THE MANIFESTATION OF ACID-BASE BUFFERING CAPACITY OF BROWN SOILS OF THE CARPATHIAN MOUNTAIN-FOREST PROVINCE
The purpose of the research was to establish the specificity of the acid-base buffering capacity of soils of the brown earth type of the Carpathian mountain-forest province with different genetic features. The regularities of formation and parameters of the acid-base buffering capacity of brown earth and brownish-podzolic soils under forest and herbaceous phytocenoses were analyzed. Based on the results of potentiometric titration with increasing concentrations (normality from 0.005 to 0.05) of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, buffering curves were constructed and indicators of buffer properties were determined, in particular, the neutralizing and absorbing capacity of the soil with respect to acid and alkali, anti-acid and anti-base buffering capacity, pH gradients with respect to pНCaCl2 (initial pH of buffer curves) at minimal acid and alkaline load. For the studied soils, estimated indicators of acid-base buffering capacity were determined - potential buffer capacity in the acidic and alkaline load interval, as well as the buffer asymmetry coefficient. General patterns of formation of acid-base buffering capacity depending on the type of phytocenosis in soils of the brown earth type of the Carpathian mountain-forest province were established. A similar nature of the manifestation of acid-base buffering properties by soils of the brown earth type was established, regardless of the type of phytocenosis and the specifics of the genetic nature of the soil. Brown mountain-forest and mountain-meadow and brownish-podzolic gleyed soils exhibit a high buffering capacity with respect to alkaline loads and a significantly lower one with respect to acidic loads, i.e. the acid-base equilibrium of the soil solution is much easier to shift towards acidification.
NEOTINEA USTULATA (L.) R.M. BATEMAN, PRIDGEON ET M.W. CHASE (ORCHIDACEAE JUSS.) AS THE OBJECT OF EDUCATIONAL AND COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES OF CHERNIVTSI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
The stages of organizing students’ educational and research activities during the summer training practice in botany in the village of Dolishniy Shepit, Vyzhnytskyi district, using Neotinea ustulata (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon et M.W. Chase as one of the model species are highlighted. The methodology of this activity includes searching information on the distribution of the selected species based on the Chernivtsi National University Herbarium funds (CHER), geobotanical descriptions and biotopic characteristic of plant communities, population studies. The implementation of these tasks helps students to acquire practical skills in botany, methods of phytocenotic and population studies, and also improves their theoretical knowledge in plant morphology and taxonomy of higher plants, motivates students to carry out environmental protection activity. For the territory of Shurdyn Central Highlands, 9 localities of N. ustulata are noted (CHER); however, only two localities have been confirmed by latest finds («Shepit» biobase and Mountain Fruntia). The largest by area population is on the slopes of Mountain Fruntia. Over the years of observations, the number of this population has ranged from 24 to 39 individuals, mostly generative. We have noted a tendency to reduce the area of this population due to the antropogenic impact and sylvatization of plants communities with the participation of N. ustulata. The population on the territory of «Shepit» biobase is small in number, representes mostly by generative individuals, and occupies a small area. Multispecies mesophilis meadow communities with the participation of N. ustulata according to the «National habitat catalogue of Ukraine» (2018) represent the biotope «Т2.3.1 Low and medium altitude hay meadows» which corresponds to the habitat 6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) from Annex I of the Habitat Directive and to the habitat E2.2: Low and medium altitude hay meadows from the Resolution 4 of Bern Convention. Research into phytocenotic and population characteristics of plants listed tin the Red Book of Ukraine contributes to the formation of a holistic understanding among the students of the importance of preserving rare species and their habitats, the development of professional competencies in the field of biology and ecology, and increased motivation for scientific activity and biodiversity conservation. The considered meadow complexes require the implementation of active protection measures (regulated grazing, regular mowing, thinning of tree and shrub vegetation). The populations of N. ustulata require further monitoring studies.
БОТАНІКА, ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ БІОТИ ТА БІОРЕСУРСІВ
students’ educational and research activities
THICKETS OF SPIRAEA CHAMAEDRYFOLIA L. ON CALCAREOUS BEDROCK – RARE HABITAT FOR UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS
A detailed characteristics of the habitat Ch4.5 Carpathian thickets of Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. on outcrops of carbonate rocks is given. This habitat type in Ukraine was found near the village of Sarata, Vyzhnytskyi district, on the area of Chornodilskyi and Yarovytskyi physical-geographical regions in the altitude range of 1100–1200 m a.s.l. A similar habitat type is known from the territory of Romania, it is also distinguished in the EUNIS habitat classification: S357142 Carpathian elm-leaved spiraea thickets. Communities dominated by S. chamaedryfolia are formed on thin, well-drained, sceletal soils on eluvium-deluvium of carbonate-containing bedrocks. Characteristic species are listed (shrub layer – S. chamaedryfolia; herbal layer – Cirsium erisithales, Cruciata glabra, Epipactis atrorubens, Galium intermedium, Moehringia muscosa, Pimpinella major, Poa nemoralis, Scabiosa lucida, Silene nutans subsp. dubia, Thymus pulegioides, etc.), the features of ecological conditions are characterized, and the syntaxonomic positions of the communities are determined (as the association Calamagrostio-Spiraeetum ulmifoliae Resmeriţă et Csűrös 1966 from the alliance Prunion fruticosae Tx. 1952). This habitat type have a high conservation status, it is protected by the Resolution 4 of the Bern Convention as F3.241 Central European subcontinental thickets, and by the Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive as 40A0* Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub. The main threat to the habitat is the transformation due to spontaneous overgrowth by trees and shrubs. For habitat preservation and maintenance, it is proposed to use active protection methods, which consist in periodic removal of undergrowth of tree species.
IMPACT OF WAR ON THE WINTER SURVIVAL OF BEE COLONIES IN UKRAINE: MONITORING RESULTS FOR 2023-2024
Over the last 17 years, Northern Hemisphere countries, including the United States, European countries, Canada, and Mexico, have reported significant rates of annual losses of honey bee colonies, Apis mellifera L. These losses have significant economic consequences for the beekeeping and agricultural sectors, and, primarily, for ecosystems. This study aimed to analyze the honey bee colonies losses after wintering 2023-2024 in Ukraine in the context of international monitoring coordinated by the COLOSS organization, under the conditions of the third year of the war. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire designed by the COLOSS working group, adapted to Ukrainian respondents and supplemented by national coordinators. The sample size was 684 protocols. All administrative regions and physiographic regions of Ukraine, except Crimea were covered by survey. It was found that the total rate of honey bee colony losses in Ukraine after the wintering of 2023-2024 is 9.52 %, which does not differ significantly from the corresponding indicators for the previous two winterings: after the wintering of 2022-2023 - 10.75 %, after the wintering of 2021-2022 - 8.8 7%. Colony mortality was 5.2% (after the wintering of 2022-2023 - 6.5 %). Negative natural phenomena caused losses of 2.3%, and unsolvable problems with queens – 1.99 % of colonies (after the wintering of 2022-2023 – 1.27 % and 3.27 %, respectively). The lowest rate of colony losses was found in the mixed forest zone (4.8 %), while in the broadleaf forest zone – 10.6 %, in the steppe zone – 10.5 %, in the Ukrainian Carpathians – 9.3 % and in the forest-steppe zone – 8.3 %. Like ech year, most often the dead bee colonies had many dead bees into or in front of the hive (37.4 %), and the least often they showed features of starvation (5.9 %). 90 respondents keep their apiaries in areas affected by military operations. The apiaries of about 5% of the beekeepers have suffered various types of damage, and more than 3% of beekeepers have lost contact with their apiaries due a number of reasons related to the war. An inverse relationship between loss rate and size of the apiary has been shown, and for the first time, significantly lower losses have been identified in stationary apiaries compared to migratory ones. 14.2 % of colonies in the spring turned out to be weak, but with a productive queen. However, no significant difference in wintering success between apiaries with such colonies and without them was found. Almost all respondents (98%) treated their colonies againts Varroa mites. Amitraz-based drugs remain the most popular, as before. However, no correlation was found between the use of such agents and low colony losses.
GIS-BASED INVENTORY OF STREET TREES AS A TOOL FOR MANAGING URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN CHERNIVTSI
This paper presents the results of a study of street tree plantings in the central part of Chernivtsi, aimed at developing approaches for creating a GIS-based electronic inventory to optimize urban green infrastructure management. An inventory of 446 trees across eight streets in the historic city center revealed a predominance of native species (67.3%), including Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, and Fraxinus excelsior, alongside the presence of invasive species (28.9%), such as Acer negundo and Robinia pseudoacacia. The methodology included route surveys, instrumental measurements of morphometric parameters, and qualitative condition assessments using a three-point scale. The results showed that 73% of the trees were in good condition, 23% in fair condition, and 4% in poor condition, with notable damage to Aesculus hippocastanum caused by the horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella). The study substantiates the need for GIS-based tree inventory as an effective tool for managing the city’s green infrastructure. An interactive database containing information on 8,538 trees across 82 sites was developed using the Cvtrees platform and integrated into the city’s geographic information system. The spatial integration of the collected data enabled not only the visualization of the current state of urban greenery but also the analysis of its distribution, condition, and renewal needs. The proposed approach supports improved monitoring, informed decision-making, and long-term planning of urban greening initiatives.
ANALYSIS OF POLLINATION OF PLANT SPECIES OF THE ASTERACEAE FAMILY, INCLUDING IN THE STATE REGISTER OF UKRAINE
The ways and methods of pollination of individual species of the Asteraceae family, included in the «State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine», were studied. 17 genera were listed, which include 22 species and two hydrids (Chrysanthemum × hortorum Bailey; Helianthus tuberosus L.× Helianthus annuus L.). It was found that among the studied species of the family, a combined method of pollination with a predominance of entomophily dominates. Among the pollinating agents, representatives of the family Apidae with a predominance of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. have a significant share.
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF FISH AND STRUCTURE OF ICHTHYOFAUNA OF WATER BODIES OF THE HYRBACHYKHA TRACT
The species composition and structure of ichthyofauna in the reservoirs of the Horbachykha tract (Kiev) are considered. The peculiarity of this tract is the water bodies of different types, determining the biotopic distribution of species and their abundance. In total, the species richness of fish in the studied water bodies is 36 species from 9 families: the largest number of them (26 species) was recorded in the Desenka Strait, where pure-water biotopes prevailed, and the smallest - in a closed forest lake (2 species). In the structure of the ichthyofauna of these reservoirs, a significant part was made up of native species (54.9-90%). Among alien species, the largest part belonged to distant invaders (5.9-100%). Ponto-Caspian species were more typical for biotopes in the Desenka Strait, which is due to their ecological requirements for the abiotic component of the aquatic environment, in particular the oxygen regime. The most abundant species in the water bodies of the Horbachykha tract (66.6-100%): Carassius auratus, Rutilus rutilus, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Rhodeus amarus, Alburnus alburnus, Lepomis gibbosus and Proterorhinus semilunaris – background representatives of coastal plots ichthyofauna of the last stations. By type of spawning substrate in the ichthyofauna, the largest share belongs to phytophiles (38.5-100%) and ostracophiles (11.8-59.4%), and by trophic groups, phytophages (17.7-60.1%) and euryphages (5.9-60.3%) dominated. In the fresh water area, a significant percentage is occupied by zoobenthophiles (35.1%) and psamo-lithophiles (32.3%). Perccottus glenii, an aggressive distant invader, was recorded in lake biocenoses. In the experimental biotopes, where the basis of phytocommunities was aquatic macrophytes: Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton perfoliatus, Rhodeus amarus, Carassius auratus, Rutilus rutilus and Proterorhinus semilunaris dominated, in areas of Trapa natans and Nuphar lutea thickets: Carassius auratus, Rhodeus amarus, Neogobius fluviatilis and Lepomis gibbosus. The results of the research confirm the importance of clear-water areas on the branches of the Dnipro floodplain, which are used for spawning and feeding by psamo-lithophilous species. Among them, a significant percentage of rare species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (Leuciscus leuciscus, Leuciscus idus, Gymnocephalus acerina) and the Bern Convention (Ballerus ballerus, Ballerus sapa, Silurus glanis, Neogobius fluviatilis, Leuciscus aspius, Palecus cultratus). The obtained data provide important information on the local distribution of species within the Dnipro floodplain in the Kyiv region.
ICHTHYOFAUNA OF THE «BILOBEREZZHYA SVIATOSLAVA» NATIONAL NATURE PARK AND THE ASSESSMENT OF ITS AQUATIC AREAS' ROLE IN THE CONSERVATION OF BLACK SEA REGION FISH
The «Biloberezzhya Sviatoslava» National Nature Park (NNP) is a significant protected area in the Black Sea region. The contemporary ichthyofauna of the Park's aquatic areas includes 89 fish species from 42 families. The highest species diversity is observed in the Dnieper-Bug Estuary (66 species), attributed to the ecotone effect of this water body. In the Black Sea within the park's boundaries, 62 species are registered, while the Yahorlyk Bay harbors 58 species. The park's aquatic areas are home to 29 fish species protected under various legislative frameworks and international conventions. Specifically, 17 species are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, 11 in the IUCN Red List, 16 under the Bern Convention, 5 under the Bonn Convention and 6 under the Washington Convention (CITES). The highest number of protected fish species (26) is recorded in the Dnieper-Bug Estuary, with 19 and 21 species registered in Yahorlyk Bay and the Black Sea, respectively. In order to protect rare and endangered species within the Park, it is necessary to develop a management system for commercial and recreational fishing and to strengthen scientific research on the status of key fish species populations. The main tasks include the organization of scientific monitoring of the main commercial fish species to reduce the threat of overfishing and a sharp decline in the populations of resource species. Additionally, it is crucial to strengthen territorial protection measures during the spawning season and enforce the silence regime in waters important for fish reproduction. The development of specialized biotechnical measures aimed at improving spawning, feeding, and habitat conditions—such as the installation of artificial spawning grounds, artificial reefs, and reclamation works—is also essential. Furthermore, improving commercial fishing methods to align with international standards is a priority. This primarily pertains to the use of gill nets, which pose the most critical risk of fish mortality.
BIOSECURITY AS A COMPONENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY IN BIOCHEMICAL LABORATORIES
This work presents a systematic analysis of the state of biosecurity as a key element of occupational safety in biochemical laboratories. Special attention is given to risk classification, assessment of hazardous factors, and identification of effective approaches to their management at national and international levels. The aim of the study was to systematize existing scientific data on biosecurity in biochemical laboratories and assess the main risks posed by various factors to personnel, as well as to determine effective risk management strategies.The study involved an analytical review of peer-reviewed scientific publications, official regulatory documents, international standards (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)), and Ukrainian legislation. Source searches were conducted through scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) and official government resources.It was established that biological agents pose the greatest threat to biochemical laboratory personnel, accounting for up to 60% of incidents leading to pathological conditions in staff. Chemical, physical, and psycho-emotional factors also have significant impacts, though to a lesser extent compared to biological risks. The study revealed several barriers to ensuring biosecurity in biochemical laboratories, including outdated regulatory frameworks, insufficient funding, limited staff training, and the absence of a unified incident monitoring system. A comparative analysis of national approaches with international practices identified structural differences and shortcomings in the implementation of biorisk management standards. Therefore, effective biosecurity management in biochemical laboratories requires a comprehensive approach encompassing technical, organizational, behavioral, sanitary-hygienic, and medical measures. Integration of Ukrainian legislation with international standards, implementation of systematic risk assessments, establishment of a centralized incident monitoring system, updating regulatory frameworks, and promoting a culture of biosecurity are essential.
БІОХІМІЯ, БІОТЕХНОЛОГІЯ, МОЛЕКУЛЯРНА ГЕНЕТИКА
ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF HONEY BEE COLONIES OVERWINTERING IN HIVES WITH DIFFERENT THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The article presents the results of a study on the influence of hive material properties (wooden / polyurethane foam) on the development of honey bee colonies during the wintering period under the moderately continental climate of the Pre-Carpathian region (Chernivtsi district, Ukraine). The research was conducted from autumn 2023 to spring 2024 at three apiaries located in different ecotypes. Indicators of colony winter hardiness were examined, including the weak colony percentage, colony mortality, colony strength, and sealed brood area. A comparative analysis of these indicators was performed between colonies kept in wooden hives and polyurethane foam (PUF) hives. It was found that colony strength, the percentage of weakening, and colony mortality showed minor changes during the wintering period, regardless of the hive material. However, in colonies wintered in PUF hives, the relative sealed brood area in spring was higher than in colonies kept in wooden hives. Thus, it was found that during the wintering period, colonies in wooden hives exhibit slower development during minor winter thaws, which enhances their adaptability to local climatic conditions with unstable temperature regimes. The obtained data indicate that the thermophysical properties of the materials from which modern hives are made affect the indicators of honey bee wintering success during critical periods of colony development and largely depend on the climatic and geographical conditions of overwintering.
GENETIC STUDIES OF PECTINOLYTIC ENZYMES OF BASIDIOMYCETES
The article presents an overview of current ideas about the genetic organisation and functional characteristics of pectinolytic enzyme systems in basidiomycetes. The main families of enzymes involved in the degradation of pectin compounds are analysed, in particular glycosyl hydrolases (GH), polysaccharide lyases (PL) and carbohydrate esterases (CE), as well as the corresponding genes found in representatives of the genera Agaricus, Armillaria, Flammulina, Laccaria, Lentinula, Pleurotus, Schizophyllum and Trametes. A comparative characterisation of the genomes of these fungi is provided in terms of the quantitative indicators of pectinase genes, their structural affiliation and potential functional activity. Methodological approaches to studying pectinolytic potential are considered, in particular sequencing, transcriptomics, biochemical methods and comparative genomics tools. Prospects for further research in the context of the biotechnological application of enzymes of this group are outlined.
LONG-TERM EFFECT OF N-(PHOSPHONOMETHYL)GLYCINE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RHODOTORULA SPP.
The control of invasive plant species in agroecosystems is mostly associated with the use of synthetic herbicides due to their high effectiveness. One of the most commonly used is glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. It is a non-selective systemic herbicide with a broad spectrum of activity used to combat annual and perennial plants. This compound acts by inhibiting the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, which plays a key role in the shikimate pathway and is responsible for the synthesis of an intermediate product in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine demonstrates an ambiguous effect on soil microbial communities. Some concentrations of the herbicide can stimulate microbial activity, increasing the diversity and complexity of the network. In other cases, the herbicide has a negative effect on the survival and structure of soil microorganisms. The effect of the herbicide on microscopic fungi remains little known, in particular on representatives of the genus Rhodotorula, which are characterized by a wide distribution in various ecological niches, high metabolic activity (synthesis of pigments, enzymes, exopolysaccharides, ergosterol), the ability to exist in microbial consortia, and adsorption capacity. The study investigated the effect of the herbicide N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine on the physiological and biochemical parameters of two yeast species: R. rubra and R. minuta. During the study, changes in growth characteristics under prolonged herbicide exposure, carotenoid content, and the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were determined. It was found that N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine at the highest of the tested concentrations had a dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect on the development of carotenoid-producing yeasts, inducing oxidative stress, which was accompanied by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and changes in the level of major carotenoids. At the same time, a decrease in the culture density of both studied species and a reduction in the number of planktonic colony-forming units were observed. R. minuta exhibited greater sensitivity to the pollutant, as confirmed by more drastic changes in the studied parameters – a significant reduction in the number of viable cells, a multiple increase in the level of end products of lipid peroxidation, and a decrease in carotenoid levels.
MINI-EXPERIMENT IN BREEDING: GENOTYPING OF APIS MELLIFERA L. COLONIES BY TWO TRAITS
Between 2020 and 2023, a planned study was conducted on a single apiary (Ukraine, Lviv region) consisting of 50 honey bee subspecies A.m.carnica colonies. Due to insufficient isolation of the apiary from the influence of foreign drones, the work in 2020–2021 focused on achieving a more stable and homogeneous drone background. As a result, by early 2023, two groups of analogous colonies were established, whose queens were sisters. Identifying the subspecies and population affiliation of the chromosomal sets of these queens was performed using morphometric templates for drone wings. Based on comparing wing phenotypes with the templates, the probable affiliation of the queens’ genomes to the local “Carnica” population and the Peschetz line was established. During the 2023 season, 17 colonies were tested for two economically valuable traits: flight activity and gentleness. Variance analysis revealed relationships between queen genome composition, environmental factors (weather, nectar availability), and key traits (gentleness, flight activity). The statistical reliability of the results is limited due to the small sample size. However, the observed trends allow for specific recommendations regarding the further use of colonies whose genomic composition and probable chromosomal set affiliations have been established. This approach is recommended as an additional tool to enhance the effectiveness of selective breeding.
EXPERIMENTAL-MODEL ANALYSIS OF ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION CONDITIONS FOR CREATING FUNCTIONAL FEED ADDITIVES
One of the promising directions in the development of modern feed production is the creation of functional feed additives based on hydrolytic enzyme preparations, which increase the efficiency of nutrient assimilation and enhance overall productivity. At the same time, in aquaculture, due to the likelihood of rapid leaching of additives from the feed into the water, there is a need to ensure greater stability and prolonged action of such enzyme preparations. This paper presents the results of an experimental and model analysis of the efficiency of immobilizing the enzyme preparation Protosubtilin on a natural inorganic carrier — basalt tuff — with the aim of developing functional feed additives for use in fish farming technologies. The immobilization process was carried out by adsorbing an enzyme solution onto ground basalt tuff from the “Polytske-2” deposit, which is characterized by high porosity, significant mechanical strength, and excellent adsorption capacity. The study analyzed the effect of the type of immobilization (static or dynamic), exposure duration, and temperature factor on the amount of enzyme preparation adsorbed on the carrier, as well as on the retention of its proteolytic and amylolytic activities. It was shown that dynamic immobilization conditions (mixing) do not contribute to increased efficiency of the process and even reduce it with prolonged exposure (3 hours), which is probably due to the disturbance of stable enzyme binding on the carrier surface. Under static conditions, an increase in the amount of adsorbed enzyme preparation was observed with an increase in temperature from +20 °C to +30 °C; however, a significant decrease in enzyme activity, especially proteolytic activity, was also recorded, which limits the feasibility of using higher temperatures. The optimal immobilization mode was determined to be static adsorption for 1–3 hours at +20 °C, which ensures the best combination of sufficient enzyme binding and retention of catalytic activities. The obtained results confirm the potential of using basalt tuff as an effective, affordable, and environmentally safe carrier for creating enzyme-based functional feed additives, which will contribute to the development of modern technologies in feed production and aquaculture.
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF INVASIVE PLANTS OF REYNOUTRIA GENUS BASED ON ISSR MARKERS
Members of the genus Reynoutria Houtt. are recognized as some of the most invasive plant species worldwide. In Europe, two species, R. japonica Houtt. and R. sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Nakai, as well as their hybrid R. × bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková, are widespread. Despite the spread of a single clonal lineage of R. japonica with male sterility across the European continent, hybridization with R. sachalinensis and the emergence of forms with different ploidy levels contribute to increased genetic diversity, promoting further invasion. To date, studies of the genetic structure of these species in populations from the territory of Ukraine have not been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the genetic polymorphism and hybridization of Ukrainian accessions of the genus Reynoutria. For comparison with Ukrainian samples, specimens from Romania and Germany were also included in the study. ISSR markers were chosen for the study due to their universality and ability to assess polymorphism across the genome. Based on the ISSR markers, using phylogenetic analysis and the principal coordinates method, higher genetic distance values were observed between R. sachalinensis samples compared to the distances between R. japonica samples. For samples morphologically identified as the hybrid species R. × bohemica, ISSR analysis did not reveal the presence of genetic material from one of the parental species, R. sachalinensis. However, these samples showed close relatedness to each other, both genetically and morphologically. In more than half of the samples morphologically identified as R. japonica, traces of genetic material from R. sachalinensis were found in their genomes, ranging from 8.3% to 57.6%, indicating a significant prevalence of introgressive hybridization between these invasive plant species.
SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF FLAVONOID CONTENT IN THE LEAVES OF BLACKCURRANT PLANTS (RIBES NIGRUM L.) OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT PROPAGATION METHODS
The study presents the results of research aimed at identifying the seasonal dynamics of flavonoid content in the leaves of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) cultivars Raduzhna and Premiera, propagated by different methods. The peculiarities of flavonoid synthesis and accumulation in blackcurrant leaves during the vegetation period are demonstrated. The dynamics of flavonoid synthesis under different propagation methods were revealed. It was established that the highest amount of flavonoids is synthesized at the early stages of vegetation. It was proven that the dependence of the biochemical composition of secondary metabolites on the plant propagation method is more distinctly expressed at the fruiting stage. It was found that in Raduzhna plants propagated using in vitro technology, the rutin content in the leaves at the beginning of flowering increased by 1.4–1.7 times compared to vegetatively propagated plants. In Premiera cultivar plants, this difference exceeded twofold. The study confirms that in the examined blackcurrant cultivars, the synthesis of secondary metabolites of phenolic nature is closely linked with other biochemical processes that regulate key physiological functions responsible for plant growth and development. Thus, in vitro technology is accompanied by significant physiological and biochemical transformations of the plant organism, which persist for a long time after adaptation and under open-field conditions; they support the balance and stability of biologically active substance accumulation, which plays a vital role in the formation of systemic plant resistance.
SAFE METHODS FOR VISUALIZATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AFTER GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
The article discusses modern approaches to the visualization of nucleic acids after gel electrophoresis, with an emphasis on dyes that are safe for human health and the environment. Traditionally, intercalating fluorescent dyes, particularly ethidium bromide (EtBr), have been used for DNA detection. Despite its high efficiency, EtBr is characterized by significant toxicity, mutagenic activity, and environmental hazards. The article provides a detailed analysis of the harmful effects of EtBr on cells and offers recommendations for the safe handling of this compound, including disposal and personal protective measures. The study also analyzes modern alternative dyes available on the market, such as SYBR Green I/II, GelRed™, GelGreen™, Midori Green, and others, which often demonstrate higher sensitivity and can be used without intense ultraviolet irradiation. Moreover, such compounds do not damage nucleic acids or inhibit enzymatic reactions, which is important for the success of further experimental procedures such as PCR, cloning, or sequencing. A comparative characterization of commercial dyes is provided, including an assessment of their advantages, disadvantages, spectral properties, and cost. Despite a higher purchase price, disposal costs and personnel risks are lower when using modern dyes compared to EtBr. The transition to safer alternatives enhances the efficiency, sensitivity, and safety of laboratory practice in molecular biology and aligns with modern environmental standards.
ENZYMATIC MARKERS OF LIVER STATUS UNDER THE CONDITION OF ADMINISTRATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF THE MUSHROOM HERICIUM ALPESTRE TO ANIMALS WITH ACETAMINOPHEN INTOXICATION
The work is devoted to the determination of enzymatic markers of liver status under conditions of acetaminophen intoxication and administration of ethanol extract of the mushroom Hericium alpestre. The study was conducted on 4 groups of animals: C – control animals; EНA – rats that were administered per os 20% ethanolic extract of fruiting bodies of the fungus Hericium alpestre at a concentration of 200 μg/kg body weight for 10 days; AII – animals with acetaminophen-induced liver injury; EНA+ AII – animals that were administered per os 20% ethanolic extract of fruiting bodies of the fungus Hericium alpestre at a concentration of 200 μg/kg body weight for 10 days before modeling acute acetaminophen-induced toxic damage. The activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase was determined, and the de Ritis coefficient was calculated as markers of the functional state of the liver, under the conditions of acetaminophen intoxication and the administration of ethanolic extract of the mushroom Hericium alpestre. The determination of enzymatic activities was carried out on a biochemical analyzer, Biochem FC-120. Liver sections of animals of different experimental groups stained with hematoxylin and eosin were evaluated histologically. It was established that the preliminary administration of ethanolic extract of the mushroom Hericium alpestre at a dose of 200 μg/kg of body weight for 10 days exhibits hepatoprotective effects in acetaminophen-induced toxicity, since the activity of ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase under the conditions of the administration of the studied extract significantly decreases and approaches the level of control values against the background of the absence of histological signs of liver cell death. The obtained results indicate that the mushroom H. alpestre can be considered as a valuable source of biologically active compounds with hepatoprotective activity, has significant potential for the development of hepatoprotective drugs based on it, and is a promising candidate for the development of new preventive strategies.
IN LOVING MEMORY OF A STUDENT OF THE UMAN SCHOOL JOZEF KONRAD PACHOSKI (27.11.1864-14.02.1942)
The article highlights the life and creative path of a student of the Uman School of Agriculture and Horticulture (now the Uman National University of Horticulture) Jozef Konrad Pachoski (27.11.1864–14.02.1942). A famous naturalist, botanist, zoologist, ecologist, founder of the science of phytosociology, professor at the Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań. The versatility and uniqueness of Jozef Pachoski creative personality attracts, fascinates and surprises all researchers of his scientific heritage. The formation of the future scientist was facilitated by the influence of his family, later teachers during his studies at the Uman School, then mentors and like-minded people in life. In his childhood, he received thorough knowledge in various fields of knowledge. The Pachoski family had a large library, his relatives were fond of music and art. Volyn, where he was born and raised, inspired Joseph to study natural science. In his youth, Jozef Paczoski, while in Uman, studied the natural flora of the city surroundings and introduced plants that were grown at the school, as evidenced by the preserved personal collection of herbarium collections in the herbarium funds of the Uman National University of Horticulture (UM). His mentors and teachers were: botany teacher V. Ya. Skrobyshevsky, head of the weather station V. O. Poggenpol, chief gardener of the Sofiivka Park (now the Sofiivka National Dendrological Park of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) Y. R. Lantsky. The skills of the practical part, which he mastered in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden of Crimea, are also known. It was in Uman that he became a talented botanist. Moving to Kyiv to study and work at St. Volodymyr's University (now Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University), later to the Botanical Garden in St. Petersburg inspired him to engage in science. His mentor, botanist I. F. Schmalhausen, involved Pachoski in expeditionary research of the flora of Eastern Bukovina, Hungary, Podillia, Volhynia and the northern part of Bessarabia. The processed materials of the research protocols of the meetings of the Kyiv Society of Naturalists, which are preserved in the university library, testify to his membership in the society and research expeditions. Also, the primary scientific work "Essays of the Surroundings of the City of Uman" was published by the author in 1887 and confirmed by the preserved herbarium collections of the funds (UM, KW). The personal (memorial) collection of the herbarium (UM) is the scientific heritage of the educational institution, which was digitized and published in the monograph "Herbarium Funds…, (2023)", numerous scientific works. The Pachoski family tree studied by us for "Metryki Wołyń", the memoirs of the nephew Mieczysław Garusewicz, the son of sister Amelia, which were covered in the book published in 1975 and obtained in a second-hand bookstore in Poland, supplemented the research of many scientists of our country. Thanks to the processed materials, the monograph "Family circle and youth of Jozef Paczoski" was written in 2021 by the authors H. A. Chorna and T. V. Mamchur. On the 160th anniversary of the birth of the student Jozef Paczoski and the 180th anniversary of the educational institution in 2024. The bright memory was honored, which is dedicated to the traditional project at the university "Names of the Great and Unknown", who will live as long as they are remembered.
NEW FINDINGS OF ALIEN PLANTS IN THE BUKOVINIAN CIS-CARPATHIAN
Information about distribution of 51 species of alien plants on the territory of Bukovinian Cis-Carpathian are presented, among which 34 are noted for the first time, in particular Allium cepa L., Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Apium graveolens L., Aralia elata (Maq.) Seem., Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., Beta vulgaris L., Campsis radicans (L.) Seem., Castanea sativa Mill., Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Eruca sativa Mill., Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Fragaria×ananassa (Duchesne) Duchesne, Glycine max (L.) Merr., Hordeum vulgare L., Medicago × varia T.Martyn, Persica vulgaris Mill., Petunia × atkinsiana D.Don ex Loudon, Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Robinia viscosa Vent., Rosa rugosa Thunb, Satureja hortensis L., Sedum album L., S. rupestre L., S. spurium M.Bieb., Secale cereale L., Setaria faberi F. Herrmann, Silphium perfoliatum L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Swida alba (L.) Opiz, Tagetes erecta L. та Zea mays L. New localities are given for 17 species, 12 of which occur singly in the region in synanthropic biotopes, so mass invasions are not expected, 5 species (Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC., Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal, Impatiens glandulifera Royle, Rudbeckia laciniata L. і Symphyotrichum × salignum (L.) Nesom) are highly active invasive plants with a tendency to spread into natural biotopes. These species require monitoring.
VEGETATION OF THE UZH RIVER DRAINED FLOODPLAIN AREA WITHIN CHORNOBYL RADIATION AND ECOLOGICAL BIOSPHERE RESERVE
The aim of the study is to evaluate a coenotic diversity and to obtain a syntaxonomic scheme of the Uzh river drained floodplain area vegetation within territory of the Chornobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve as a basis for further monitoring and for evaluation of the renaturalization efforts. Dataset of 105 phytosociological relevés was analyzed by modified TWINSPAN protocol using Juice 7.1 software package. As a result of phytosociological survey, syntaxonomic scheme of the studied vegetation was established. In totall, 23 associations and 1 community belong to 18 alliances, 14 orders, and 9 classes were distinguished. Class Phragmito-Magnocaricetea Klika in Klika et Novák 1941 is the most diverse (9 association). The mosaic distribution of plant communities is determined by the complexity of the geomorphological structure of the floodplain, complicated by anthropogenic elements (artificial channels, dams), which determines the development of different soil types (sands and sandy loams, alluvial deposits, muds, peats, etc.) and a sharp gradient of groundwater. The situation getting more complex by demutation changes followed after the cessation of land use activity.
PONTECHIUM MACULATUM (L.) BÖHLE ET HILGER ON THE RIGHT-BANK PART OF DNIPROPETROVSK REGION
According to the results of route expedition research conducted in 2020–2022 and the processing of literary sources, we give the distribution of the rare species Pontechium maculatum on the right bank of the Dnipropetrovsk region. We ascertained that 14 localities of the species are known in this region, three of which are likely to be lost. Most of the known localities of P. maculatum are few in number, occupy small areas; they are isolated from each other. The reason for this was the intensive agricultural and industrial land development in the Dnipropetrovsk region, the burning of vegetation, and recreation. We recorded the largest number of localities of the species within the right bank of the region in the basin of the Demuryna River. On the example of the most numerous of them, it was ascertained that the local population is full-fledged, with a significant predominance of vegetative individuals, stable; its self-maintenance occurs by seeds. In the basin of the Demuryna River, P. maculatum grows on the slopes of the northern and northwestern exposure in the biotopes: T1.4.a: True forb-bunchgrass and bunchgrass steppes of the steppe zone and T1.3.2 Meadow steppes on chernozems, where it is included in composition of communnities with dominance or co-dominance of Elytrigia stipifolia, Stipa pulcherrima, Salvia nutans, Inula ensifolia, Galatella linosyris, Chamaecytisus austriacus, Festuca valesiaca, Pulsatilla pratensis, Astragalus onobrychis, etc. The total projective coverage of phytocoenoses with the participation of P. maculatum is mostly 65–70 %, less often – 80–90 %. In the latter case, it occurs singly, from 5 to 11 generative instances per 100 m2. In a sparser grassland, the projective cover of P. maculatum can reach 8 %. In the basin of the Domotkan River, P. maculatum occurs in biotope T1.3.2: Meadow steppes on chernozems, where it is part of communities dominated by Stipa tirsa (more than 50 %), with the participation of Festuca rupicola, Koeleria delavignei, Salvia nutans, Filipendula vulgaris, Trifolium montanum, T. alpestre, Erysimum diffusum, etc. and communities dominated or co-dominated by Stipa pulcherrima, Poa angustifolia, Trifolium alpestre, Filipendula vulgaris, Phleum phleoides. In the tract “Salt Lake” (Kryvyi Rih) – in the ecotone zone between the biotopes T1.4a: True forb-bunchgrass and bunchgrass steppes of the steppe zone and T6.2: Mesic halophyte grasslands, where it is present in communities with the dominance of Festuca rupicola and Silaum silaus (12 % each) and the high abundance of Galatella villosa (up to 8%) and Phlomis pungens (5 %). In general, on the right bank of the Dnipropetrovsk region, P. maculatum grows on steppe slopes, occurs on steppe meadows, mainly in communities of the class Festuco-Brometea.
COMPLEX CHARACTERISTIC OF AGE-OLD TREES OF CHERNIVTSI REGIONAL PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL
The taxonomic and systematic structure of age-old trees growing in the park of Chernivtsi Regional Psychiatric Hospital has been analyzed. The distribution of age-old trees by basic taxing parameters is carried out. 50 specimens of age-old trees, belonging to 8 species and belonging to 2 departments – Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta, 2 classes – Pinopsida and Magnoliopsida, 5 orders of magnitude, 5 families and 6 genera, have been found. It is established that the greatest genera diversity is represented by the family Fagaceae. The Pinophyta department has been found to be minimally represented at all taxonomic levels. It is determined that the ratio of detected species of Pinophyta to Magnoliophyta is 1:6. It has been found that among age-old trees the most numerous is the age group of 200 – 300 years old, the dominance of plants with a trunk circumference of 200–300 cm and a trunk diameter of 50–100 cm has been shown. On the basis of the distribution of age-old trees by height classes, a significant predominance of trees and size was revealed. According to the results of the bioecological assessment of the age-old trees of the park of Chernivtsi Regional Psychiatric Hospital, the prevalence of plants with the assessment of “good” was revealed. It is established that in the composition of wood plantations dominated by plants with high quality. The general sanitary condition of age-old trees as satisfactory has been determined. The decrease in the assessment of the sanitary condition was significantly influenced by uncontrolled periodic cleaning, tree pruning and improper zoning, which worsens the living condition and stability of tree plants. It has been determined that the structure, bioecological properties and stability of the age-old trees of the medical institution are significantly influenced by the lack of regular care and maintenance of the functioning of the park as an object of landscaping of the city of Chernivtsi at the proper level.
Park of Chernivtsi Regional Psychiatric Hospital
THE CURRENT CONDITION OF THE MACROZOOBENTOS OF THE KHADZHIBEY ESTUARY (NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION)
The qualitative composition and features of the quantitative development of the macrozoobenthos of the Khadzhibey estuary, located in the northern Black Sea region near the city of Odessa, have been determined. The material was collected in the spring and autumn periods of 2021–2023 at 10 stations evenly distributed throughout the estuary. It was determined that the water temperature in the estuary in the spring of 2021–2023 was 15,6–23,4 °C, and in autumn – 26,3–29,7 °C. Water salinity during the same period ranged from 4,88 to 6,32 ‰ in spring, and from 6,15 to 6,87 ‰ in autumn. The depth at all studied stations did not exceed 1,5 m. In the macrozoobenthos community of the Khadzhibey estuary, 5 species of invertebrates were identified, namely: the polychaete Alitta succinea (Leuckart, 1847), the shrimp Palaemon elegans Rathke, 1837, the amphipod Gammarus insensibilis Stock, 1966, the gastropod Hydrobia acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) and the chironomid Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus, 1758). Representatives of decapods and amphipods can be classified as permanent species of the macrozoobenthos community of the estuary, since their occurrence P was 50–70 %. The polychaete was classified as a rare species (P=33,3–42,8 %), and the gastropod – as a occasional species (P=14,3 %). All these invertebrates are eurybiont species that are able to survive with low salinity of water and a significant deterioration in its quality due to the long term discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater from the city of Odessa into the estuary. Of all the identified species, only the chironomid Ch. plumosus had 100% occurrence. This species achieved the greatest quantitative development in the conditions of the estuary. So in the spring of 2021, the average abundance of Ch. plumosus was 6765±2145 ind.·m-2, which is 98,3 % of the total abundance of all macrozoobenthos, and the average biomass was 44,15±18,09 g·m-2 (87,8 %). Due to this dominance of one species, the Khadzhibey estuary continues to transform into a “chironomid” reservoir. The use of the ABC-method showed that the macrozoobenthos community of the Khadzhibey estuary is in a stress condition. In general, within the framework of studies 2021–2023 the species richness of macrozoobenthos in the estuary has decreased by half compared to 2002–2003.
RESULTS OF MONITORING OF HONEY BEE COLONY LOSSES IN UKRAINE AFTER THE WINTER OF THE FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR (2021-2022)
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the increase of honey bee colony losses (Apis mellifera L.), especially in Europe, Asia and North America, has prompted the search for standardized large-scale studies to avoid catastrophic consequences for both ecosystems and the world economy. This paper presents the results of research on honey bee colony losses in Ukraine after the winter 2021–2022, which is carried out as part of international COLOSS monitoring. A decrease of honey bee colony losses after winter of 2021–2022 in Ukraine was found being equal 8,9 %, which is 1,7 times lower than last year (15,18 %) and practically corresponds to the rate from last year (9,29 %). Most of the lost during the winter colonies died (or disappeared) – 3,72 %; 3,07 % were lost due to the unsolvable queen problems, and 2,08 % of colonies were lost due to natural digesters. The level of total losses of colonies in apiaries of the zone of mixed forests (13,76 %) significantly exceeded the corresponding indicator in comparison with the zone of broad-leaved forests (8,13 %) and the zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians (7,55 %). Among the characteristic signs of dead/disappeared colonies, dead bees in the hive or in front of it (32,7 %) and death of bees due to unknown to the beekeeper «symptoms» (24,13 %) were most often reported. Disappearance of bees (11,48 %) and dead bees in the hive in the presence of food (14,94 %) were reported least often. 28,7 % of respondents carried out the transportation of colonies for honey collection or pollination in 2021. No significant difference was found between losses in migrating and stationary apiaries. Monitoring of bees for the presence of the Varroa mite for the period from April 2021 to March 2022 was carried out by 79,9 % of respondents; 96,2 % of beekeepers treated bees against Varroa.